虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxin)诱导的栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)体内P糖蛋白转运活性及其分布研究

大量研究表明P-糖蛋白(P-glycoprotein,P-gp)介导的多型异源物质抗性机制(multi-xentiobiotic resistance,MXR)在贝类耐受或抵抗污染水域中有毒有害物质的毒害中具有重要作用,但是该机制在贝类抵抗或耐受食源性毒素方面作用的研究却很少。本研究以栉孔扇贝(Chlamys farreri)为实验动物,向其投喂产虾夷扇贝毒素(yessotoxins,YTXs)的网状原角藻(Protoceratium reticulatum),通过检测栉孔扇贝鳃和消化腺组织中YTX毒素含量随时间的变化情况,结合2种组织中P-gp介导的MXR活性变化及P-gp在组织中的表达和分布,探讨P-gp在扇贝耐受YTX毒素中可能的作用。研究结果表明,随着毒藻暴露时间的延长,栉孔扇贝鳃和消化腺中YTX含量逐渐增加,且具有明显的时间依赖关系。YTX的大量累积虽未导致扇贝死亡,但是仍然对扇贝组织产生不同程度的毒性。苏木精-伊红(hematoxylin-eosin,HE)染色发现,染毒12 h后,栉孔扇贝鳃组织前端出现明显黑化,消化腺组织导管上皮细胞部分脱落入管腔中,腺管内细胞界限模糊,部分腺管崩解。罗丹明B(rhodamine B,Rho B)外排实验表明YTX毒素暴露能显著增强栉孔扇贝鳃和消化腺组织中P-gp的转运活性,暴露12 h后鳃和消化腺Rho B的排出速率就已分别达到对照组的3.8倍和1.4倍,随着暴露时间的延长,P-gp活性略有增强,72 h后开始下降;P-gp的功能性抑制剂维拉帕米(verapamil,VRP)在实验设定的浓度下没有抑制反而增强了Rho B的外排;免疫定位显示,毒素暴露后栉孔扇贝鳃丝前端纤毛柱状细胞及消化腺导管上皮柱状细胞和腺管消化细胞P-gp免疫阳性信号增强,说明YTX毒素暴露提高了P-gp的表达量。综上推断,YTX毒素可能是P-gp的底物,它能够诱导P-gp转运活性增强,并增加P-gp的表达量来参与扇贝对YTX毒素的耐受或抗性;设定浓度的VRP不能抑制P-gp的活性,这可能是由于种属差异造成的,关于VRP对栉孔扇贝Pgp的作用还有待进一步的研究。     

Metal Interactions in carcinogenesis†

Mixed exposures to a number of metallic compounds may give rise to a carcinogenic response in humans.

An interaction between occupational exposure to arsenic and cigarette smoking has been documented epidemiologically. A multiplicative effect was indicated concerning the occurrence of lung cancer when both of the exposures were present. Several experimental studies have been reported in the literature concerning interactions between benzo(a)pyrene and Fe₂O₃ as well as some other metallic compounds like Ni₃S₂, PbO, MgO and TiO₂ in relation to respiratory carcinogenicity. There is also limited evidence of a positive interaction between arsenic trioxide and benzo(a)pyrene. Particles containing V and Ni were obtained from the flue gases of power plants burning heavy fuel oil. Such particles were not carcinogenic themselves but enhanced the carcinogenicity of benzo(a)pyrene even more efficiently than Fe₂O₃.

Increased dietary selenium intakes can decrease the carcinogenicity of several organic carcinogens in animals and dietary zinc can effectuate both enhancement and inhibition of carcinogenicity depending on dietary concentration.     

气象环境要素对北京市消化系统疾病的影响

为探究气象环境条件对消化系统疾病的影响,结合分布滞后非线性模型与广义相加模型,分析了2009~2011年气象环境要素与北京市消化系统疾病急诊人数的暴露-反应关系.结果显示,气温对消化系统疾病的影响主要体现为“高温效应”,高于25℃的气温其危险度RR随气温升高而增加,且滞后效应能达到10d以上.较为极端的湿度(RH<10%或RH>90%)会显著增加消化系统疾病的发病,并有持久的作用,其与高温结合会形成“高温低湿”和“高温高湿”2种让人不适的情况.0～2m/s的风速在短的滞后期(5d)最能增加发病危险性.而3～4m/s的风速对疾病的危险性小,说明适度的风速不影响健康.浓度高于200μg/m³的PM₁₀和浓度高于70μg/m³的 NO₂具有即时的危险性(5d内显著);而较高浓度(>55μg/m³)的SO₂滞后一定时期后效应更加明显.     

农业固体废弃物发酵产氢的研究

为了探索不同农业废弃物发酵产氢的能力,研究选取了10种农业生产中的主要固体废弃物:稻草、玉米秆、小麦秆、大麦秆、蚕豆秆、黄豆秆以及猪粪、牛粪、鸡粪、马粪作为原料,采用批量发酵工艺,进行厌氧发酵产氢的研究。结果表明,以乳酸调控发酵料液pH值在4.7～5.5之间,控制体系温度在(25±1)℃可以产生氢气。其中,各原料产氢能力顺序为:猪粪>大麦秆>玉米秆>稻草>蚕豆秆>鸡粪>牛粪>马粪>黄豆秆>小麦秆。     

沙棘米醋对小白鼠小肠运动功能的影响实验

用发酵法生产食醋配以4%沙棘果原汁,制成沙棘米醋作为实验材料,通过向小白鼠饲喂不同浓度的沙棘米醋(4%、2%、1%)与食醋、生理盐水比较研究,结果表明沙棘米醋能刺激肠蠕动,促进小白鼠消化道运动功能.     

Normal and abnormal development of the urogenital tract

An understanding of the normal development of the urogenital tract, at both the structural and molecular level, gives an insight into the mechanisms involved in renal pathology. In this review we will outline embryology of normal and abnormal renal development and discuss the function of some of the key regulatory molecules which have been described recently. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

急性与亚慢性镉胁迫对河南华溪蟹消化系统亚细胞结构的影响

本实验运用透射电镜技术,观察了河南华溪蟹(Sinopotamon henanense)分别在镉29.0 mg·L-1急性染毒4 d和2.90 mg·L-1亚慢性染毒21 d后消化系统4种器官(食道、中肠、后肠和肝胰腺)亚显微结构的变化和损伤情况.结果显示:急性和亚慢性染毒均可导致各组织中细胞核变形、染色质浓缩边集、核固缩、核碎裂,线粒体空泡化、嵴缩短、融解甚至消失,但前者对各组织亚细胞的损伤更为严重;肝胰腺和中肠组织的病理变化较食道和后肠组织中的明显,镉胁迫后均可观察到上皮细胞内粗面内质网扩张变形、核糖体脱落,高尔基体形态结构异常,微绒毛排列紊乱、部分融解、断裂,出现大量的自噬溶酶体;食道和后肠的肌纤维水肿、肌原纤维排列疏松.急性与亚慢性镉处理均会对河南华溪蟹的消化系统产生毒害,造成各组织器官中细胞结构的严重损伤,且急性高浓度的镉暴露对机体造成的毒性影响较为严重.这些损伤会影响消化酶的合成和分泌等生理功能,导致机体失去正常的消化能力.     

Fetal surgery for severe lower urinary tract obstruction

Fetal interventions have been proposed for treatment of severe lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO), as this condition is associated with high rates of perinatal mortality and postnatal renal impairment. The rationale for in utero treatment for those cases is based on the possibility of relieving the obstruction, improving the amniotic fluid volume, and preventing renal and bladder damage. Candidates for fetal intervention should be rigorously selected based on the confirmation of severe LUTO (dilated bladder and bilateral hydronephrosis), oligohydramnios or anyhydramnios and ‘favorable’ fetal urinalysis (dependent on gestational age). Nowadays there are two different therapeutic options with specific technical approaches. Vesico-amniotic shunting is an easier procedure, but with a higher frequency of related complications. Fetal cystoscopy can be used for diagnostic purpose and for treatment of posterior urethral valves, with suggestive advantage of allowing a more physiological release of the obstruction. According to the literature, estimated survival rates and postnatal normal renal function frequencies are approximately 40 and 50% after vesico-amniotic shunting and 75 and 65% after fetal cystoscopy, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.