三种模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取性比较

为了解不同方法的模拟消化液对土壤重金属提取性的差异性,比较了国际上广泛使用的3种代表性体外消化方法的模拟消化液(SBET, Simple Bioaccessibility Extraction Test;PBET, Physiologically-Based Extraction Test;SGET, Simple Gastrointestinal Extraction Test)对土壤中Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的溶解效果.结果表明,3种方法的模拟消化液对土壤重金属的提取效果存在显著的差异.其中,3种模拟消化液对土壤中Zn和Cd的提取能力顺序为SBET>PBET>SGET;当胃液消化物进入肠液后,土壤中Zn、Cd和Pb在PBET及SGET中的溶解度都显著降低,而对于Cu,由于消化酶(胃蛋白酶、胰液素和胆汁盐)的络合作用,其在肠液中的溶解度不一定低于相应的胃液,因此土壤中Zn、Pb和Cd在胃液中的溶解度代表其在消化道中能被吸收的最大值,即其有可能被人体吸收的最大量.所以出于预防和保护的目的,在土壤重金属污染健康风险评价中可用只含有胃液的模拟消化液(如SBET法)评估土壤Zn、Cd和Pb的生物可接受性,但胃液中的提取量并不一定能代表土壤Cu在消化道中能被吸收的最大值,建议使用由胃液和肠液组成,且添加了相应消化酶的模拟消化液(如PBET法)对其生物可接受性进行评估.     

Fetal surgery for severe lower urinary tract obstruction

Fetal interventions have been proposed for treatment of severe lower urinary tract obstruction (LUTO), as this condition is associated with high rates of perinatal mortality and postnatal renal impairment. The rationale for in utero treatment for those cases is based on the possibility of relieving the obstruction, improving the amniotic fluid volume, and preventing renal and bladder damage. Candidates for fetal intervention should be rigorously selected based on the confirmation of severe LUTO (dilated bladder and bilateral hydronephrosis), oligohydramnios or anyhydramnios and ‘favorable’ fetal urinalysis (dependent on gestational age). Nowadays there are two different therapeutic options with specific technical approaches. Vesico-amniotic shunting is an easier procedure, but with a higher frequency of related complications. Fetal cystoscopy can be used for diagnostic purpose and for treatment of posterior urethral valves, with suggestive advantage of allowing a more physiological release of the obstruction. According to the literature, estimated survival rates and postnatal normal renal function frequencies are approximately 40 and 50% after vesico-amniotic shunting and 75 and 65% after fetal cystoscopy, respectively. Copyright © 2011 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Further predictors of renal dysplasia in fetal obstructive uropathy: Bladder pressure and biochemistry of ‘fresh’ urine

Urine was aspirated on two consecutive days from the dilated bladder of nine fetuses with lower urinary tract obstruction. Gestational age ranged from 17 to 35 weeks. Renal dysplasia was diagnosed histologically in four fetuses, whereas the other five had normal renal histology or only partial dysplasia. Urinary sodium (Na⁺) and osmolality (Osm) decreased significantly in the second urine sample 1 day after bladder emptying (median decrease: Na⁺ = −11.3 per cent; Osm= −13.3 per cent). Although there were no significant differences between fetuses with or without renal dysplasia, normalization of an initially raised urine Na ⁺ concentration occurred at the second sample in a fetus with partially normal renal histology, thus correcting a false-positive diagnosis of dysplasia. Bladder pressure was measured at the time of the first urine sampling in seven fetuses and in a further eight with bladder outlet obstruction undergoing a single urine aspiration at 18–28 weeks. Bladder pressure was increased above the reference range in 8 of 15 fetuses with urinary obstruction, but there was no correlation between pressure and the degree of impairment of renal function. Although no conclusive clinical guidelines can be drawn from this study for the evaluation of fetal renal function, these findings suggest that, in lower urinary tract obstruction, tubular reabsorption is impeded by the standing pressure in the urinary tract and that improvement of renal function may occur following relief of obstruction.     

Linear alkylbenzene sulphonates (LAS) and bioaccumulation of heavy metals (Cu and Pb) in Ruditapes philippinarum

The effect of linear alkylbenzene sulphonate (LAS) on copper and lead bioaccumulation in Ruditapes philippinarum was studied. The in vitro and in vivo effect of LAS on acid and alkaline phosphatase activities was also examined. For lead, significant differences (P<0.01) were observed between organisms exposed to lead and to the mixture of LAS and lead. In the case of copper, these differences were only significant in the digestive gland (P<0.05). In vitro acid phosphatase was inhibited by LAS and the mixture of LAS with copper showed the effect of decreasing the enzymatic activity. Nevertheless, in vivo no significant differences in the digestive gland and gills (P < 0.05) were observed.     

Prenatal diagnosis of acute bladder distension associated with fetal sacrococcygeal teratoma—a case report

A case report of sacrococcygeal teratoma prenatally diagnosed at 23 weeks of amenorrhea, subsequently causing dilatation of both lower and upper urinary tracts is presented. The importance of repeated ultrasonographic evaluation of fetuses with sacrococcygeal teratoma is discussed.     

大型溞对水环境中抗生素抗性菌与抗性基因的摄食与去除

原后生动物是污水生物处理系统中的常见生物,了解它们是否能够摄食与去除抗生素抗性菌(ARB)和抗生素抗性基因(ARGs),对于建立藉捕食作用的ARB和ARGs去除技术具有重要意义.本研究以大型溞作为代表生物,探究了其对ARB和ARGs的摄食、去除效果与机制.使用荧光抗性菌直接观察其摄食过程,证实大型溞对ARB的摄食与富集...     

镉对大型溞肠道结构及消化酶活力的影响

镉(Cd~(2+))作为水环境中毒性较强的污染物之一,对水生动物各器官均造成了不良影响。为了了解镉对消化系统的毒性机理,研究了镉胁迫对大型溞(Daphnia magna)肠道组织及消化酶活力的影响。依据国家《地表水环境质量标准》(GB3838—2002)中Ⅴ类水质的镉浓度标准限值的1倍、5倍和9倍设置3个镉浓度组(0.01、0.05、0.09 mg·L~(-1))和1个对照组,分别处理24、48 h。结果表明,镉处理对大型溞肠道结构、淀粉酶、脂肪酶和胰蛋白酶活力均产生了影响。首先,随着镉浓度的升高,显微结构显示,大型溞肠道上皮细胞排列松散、不整齐,并出现"空泡化";内侧纹状缘严重脱落。亚显微结构显示,肠道微绒毛出现断裂、溶解消失现象;线粒体发生肿胀、空泡化,嵴断裂或消失。其次,淀粉酶活力显著降低(P<0.01),与镉浓度之间存在剂量-效应关系;脂肪酶活力在镉浓度为0.01～0.05 mg·L~(-1)时升高,在0.09 mg·L~(-1)时活力被抑制;胰蛋白酶在镉处理24 h浓度为0.01 mg·L~(-1)时显著高于对照组(P<0.05),在镉处理48 h时,各浓度组均显著低于对照组(P<0.01)。镉对大型溞消化酶活力的最低可观察效应浓度(LOEC)为0.01 mg·L~(-1)。大型溞作为常用的毒理学监测动物,实验结果将为含镉废水排放标准的完善提供理论依据。     

小麦籽实中蛋白质-Cd,Pb结合形态及其稳定性

在体外消化酶模拟条件下,对小麦籽实中Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ蛋白质结合体的稳定性进行了研究．结果表明:小麦籽实中存在的表观分子量为５４．５×１０３和５．５×１０３的蛋白质－Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ结合体,在体外胃蛋白酶和胰蛋白酶消化后,蛋白质结构发生变化．特别是分子量为５４．５×１０３的Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ－蛋白质结合体不稳定,容易被胰蛋白酶分解,变成分子量为５．５×１０３的稳定的Ｃｄ,Ｐｂ－蛋白质结合体或更小的多肽．     

Amniotic fluid digestive enzymes: Diagnostic value in fetal gastrointestinal obstructions

The diagnostic value of amniotic fluid gamma-glutamyl-transpeptidase (GGTP) and intestinal alkaline phos-phatase (iALP) was evaluated in 55 patients who underwent amniocentesis for karyotyping because fetal gastric or small bowel dilatation had been detected by ultrasound. Gastrointestinal malformation was confirmed in 46 cases and there was no gastrointestinal anomaly in nine cases. Prenatal ultrasound was suggestive of gastroduodenal dilatation in 34 cases (group I) and small bowel dilatation in 21 cases (group II). In group I, amniotic fluid GGTP above the 99th percentile was 71 per cent sensitive and 100 per cent specific for a true anatomical defect of the digestive tract (mainly duodenal atresia). In group II, high levels of GGTP and/or iALP were 69 per cent sensitive and 83 per cent specific for a fetal digestive tract anomaly. In other words, when digestive tract dilatations were diagnosed by prenatal sonography, abnormal amniotic fluid enzyme activities were strongly suggestive of such an anomaly, the possibility of which was not precluded by normal amniotic fluid iALP and GGTP activities. But amniotic fluid digestive enzyme activities do not help in defining the prognosis.