MULTICRITERION ANALYSIS OF GROUNDWATER CONTAMINATION MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT: Multicriterion decision making (MCDM) techniques were used to analyze a groundwater contamination management problem from the viewpoint of conflicting multiple objectives. The groundwater management model was used to find a compromise strategy for trading off fresh water supply, containment of the waste, and total pumping cost in a hypothetical confined aquifer affected by previous waste disposal action. A groundwater flow model was used to formulate the hydraulic constraints. A linear system model was used to describe drawdown and velocity as functions of the decision variables which were pumping rates. The model determines the pumping location and rates. A modified c-constraint method was used to generate the set of nondominated solutions which were the alternative compromise strategies. Three different MCDM techniques, Compromise programming (CP), ELECTRA II and MCQA II, were used to select a “satisficing” alternative. Analysis of the results showed that, although these techniques follow different principles, the same preferred strategies were reached. Also, it was noticed that maintaining high groundwater velocities is expensive and difficult. In order to meet a two year target date, large amounts of water had to be pumped. Therefore, rapid restoration results in large pumping volumes and high costs.     

A test method to determine rapidly if polymers are biodegradable

Polycaprolactone and polycaprolactone/polyethylene blends were exposed to two consortia, one containing three fungi (Aspergillus niger, Gliocladium virens, andPenicillium funiculosum) and one five fungi (the three aforementioned plusAureobasidium pullulans andChaetomium globosum). Evidence of metabolization of the polymer by the five-fungus consortium was obtained from the greater oxygen consumption in the presence of polycaprolactone than in the absence of the polymer. Minor differences in the composition of the consortium result in major differences in the ability of the consortium to utilize the polymer as a carbon source.Certain commercial products are identified in order adequately to specify experimental procedures. In no case does such identification imply endorsement by the National Institute of Standards and Technology or that the material is necessarily the best available for the purpose.     

新丰江台网数码电传机的供电处理

新丰江数字遥测地震台网各子台的信号均采用无线数码电传机进行传输,使用交直流隔离电源直接向数码电传机、数据采集器和地震计供电,容易引起台站供电不稳定,造成系统无法正常工作.为此,我们经过一段时期的运行调试,探讨出解决的办法供参考.     

我国地方海洋立法技术分析

从立法技术这一独特视野,运用法理学、立法学的基本理论,从对地方海洋法和立法技术的正确理解和把握入手,剖析了我国现行地方海洋法规在立法技术方面存在的具体问题.提出了加强地方海洋立法理论研究、形成综合立法机制、完善地方海洋立法各项具体制度等针对性对策和建议,以有助于我国地方海洋立法科学化,加快海洋法治建设进程.     

Evaluating Contact Techniques: Assessing the Impact of a Regulator’s Intervention on the Health and Safety Performance of Small and Medium-Sized Businesses

This study reports on the development of an evaluation methodology for assessing quantitatively and qualitatively the effectiveness of seminar and mass-mailing contact techniques. These techniques are used to augment traditional health and safety inspections at commercial and industrial premises in the United Kingdom. One of the major findings is that specific aims and objectives for the intervention should be developed prior to the communication exercise. This is crucial for any subsequent measurement of effectiveness, as the intended effect needs to be considered before the communication exercise takes place. Developing more systematic approaches to evaluation is an important step in helping to learn from previous experiences, that is, to build upon the foundations of good practice and avoid repeating mistakes. In time the results of systematic evaluations can be used to inform future policy making, which may help to create more effective risk reduction strategies.     

现代微生物遗传学技术在环境保护领域中的应用

微生物遗传学是近几十年快速发展起来的区别于经典遗传学的一个分支学科,近年来,它在基因水平上发展起来的相关技术已在环境保护领域得到了较为广泛的应用,主要包括：筛选构建转化降解微生物、改进工程菌的遗传稳定性、提供更为科学快捷准确多样的环境监测和环境评价技术手段,以及帮助合成生物可降解新型材料等几个方面。     

A comparison of mussels (Perna viridis) and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) for monitoring chlorinated trace organic contaminants in Hong Kong coastal waters.

A comparison of mussels (Perna viridis) and semi-permeable membrane devices (SPMDs) was carried out at five sites, representing a gradient of contaminant concentrations, in Hong Kong coastal waters. Mussels, originally collected from a “clean” location, were deployed along with SPMDs at each site for 30 days. Analyses for chlorinated pesticides and polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) indicated that SPMDs have potential as monitoring tools, and to some extent can overcome the problems associated with mussels, such as natural variability, differing age, sex, and physical condition. However, in most cases, SPMDs failed to rank the sites in the same order as mussels in terms of contaminant concentrations. Nonetheless, in localities where mussels cannot survive – as shown at Kwun Tong in the present experiment – SPMDs may be valuable in providing an indication of potentially bio-available lipophilic pollutants.     

生物除磷系统的聚磷微生物种群及其检测方法

总结了强化生物除磷(EBPR)系统中的聚磷菌微生物学的研究成果,介绍了聚磷菌所涉及主要菌群的菌属分类情况及其生物特性,阐述了EBPR系统内聚磷菌微生物学研究的各种分离鉴定技术的特点,包括传统的微生物纯培养技术、染色与光学显微镜技术,现代分子及其扩展技术及组合技术等,并分析了各分子生物技术的应用情况。重点介绍了以Accumulibacter为主的聚磷菌形态学和代谢特性方面取得的研究进展,并对今后聚磷菌微生物学的研究和发展方向进行了论述。     

环境空气中短链氯化石蜡研究进展

短链氯化石蜡(SCCPs)是碳链长度为10至13个碳原子的正构烷烃氯代衍生物。SCCPs具有持久性、生物累积性、长距离迁移能力、以及毒性作用。SCCPs已被《关于持久性有机污染物的斯德哥尔摩公约》增列为持久性有机污染物审查范围内,引起了全球关注。SCCPs在环境各介质及生物体内均有检出,近年来,在室内空气和灰尘中也检出了大量SCCPs,其已成为人体暴露的一个重要来源。本文就大气环境及室内空气与灰尘中氯化石蜡(CPs)的采样与分析方法、污染水平与来源,及人体暴露概况进行了综合阐释,以期为我国大气和室内环境中CPs的研究工作提供参考。     

谈特殊病区HIV患者集中静脉采血

目的总结高效率集中采集HIV患者静脉血标本.方法回顾性总结389例患者静脉采血,从采血前准备、怎样选择静脉、采血时的体位配合,到扎止血带、穿刺技巧、拔针,以及防标本溶血,预防职业暴露及交叉感染.结果一次性成功采血89.5%,标本符合要求100%,未发生职业暴露及交叉感染.结论从吸毒的艾滋病患者静脉采血难于常人,采血过程及其前后准备与处理均须?小心谨慎.参4.