PCDD/Fs in soil around a hospital waste incinerator: comparison after three years of operation

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can be formed during the cooling of flue gases in waste incinerator. These pollutants are either in the gas phase or attached to the fine particles, escaping dust collection. After stack emission, they are slowly oxidized photochemically (gas phase), or eventually are deposited (dry and wet deposition of particulate) in earth surface. In 2007 and 2010, 11 soil samples were collected in the vicinity of a hospital waste incinerator (HWI), prior and after its startup. In order to find out any variation of PCDD/Fs in soil, in brief dioxins, their concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Compared to the baseline survey (2007), PCDD/Fs in soil significantly increased, by average, +81.6% in total PCDD/Fs and +132.7% in international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) unit. By principal component analysis (PCA), both the PCDD/Fs homologue and the HxCDF isomer profile in soil were found to become more similar with fly ash. Generally, this incinerator influences the soil only in a limited area. More comprehensive supervision, stricter management and more advanced technology should be implemented in this plant to reduce pollutants emission, even though the level of PCDD/Fs in soil is quite low at present.     

两种抑制剂对铁矿石烧结过程二 减排研究

研究了尿素和碳酰肼对烧结过程二 减排的影响,添加量分别是0.01%,0.02%,0.05%,0.1%(w:质量浓度).结果表明,两者均对二 减排效果显著,其中,尿素对应的减排率随尿素的加入量有所波动,加入量为0.02%时,二 的毒性当量排放浓度减少了67.74%,为实验最高值.碳酰肼对应的减排率在实验范围内随加入量升高而升高,在最高加入量0.1%处二 的毒性当量排放浓度减少了78.79%.两种抑制剂都没有改变二 同系物的分布规律,对铁矿烧结过程二 同系物形成的抑制作用在绝大范围内是一致的,只有OCDD与OCDF表现出差异性.添加极少量的尿素和肼这2种抑制剂不会给烧结生产带来明显的影响.     

垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英污染物的形成机制及影响因素

垃圾焚烧是二恶英产生的主要来源。介绍了垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英类污染物质的产生条件和形成机制,分析和探讨了二恶英类物质形成的重要影响因素,并提出了未来垃圾焚烧过程中二恶英污染物控制的方向和对策。     

钢铁工业废气中的二恶英

二恶英具有"三致"毒性,是一种迄今为止发现过的最具致癌潜力的物质,即使在浓度很低的环境中人体也会发生诸多病变,国际癌症研究中心早已将其列入人类一级致癌物。对于钢铁行业,其主要产生于烧结和电炉炼钢两大生产工序;结合二恶英的性质及产生机理,对烧结、电炉炼钢、高炉炼铁等生产工序二恶英的产生情况进行了简要介绍。     

生活垃圾焚烧发电厂的环境风险评价

垃圾焚烧技术兼具环境效益和经济效益,环境风险评价的结论是该类项目选址的关键问题之一。在分析中国城市生活垃圾排放现状和生活垃圾焚烧项目环境风险的基础上,分析了二恶英风险事故的环境影响及环境防护距离的计算方法与传统卫生防护距离的差异,并以秦皇岛生活垃圾焚烧发电厂为实例进行了计算。结果表明:在不同工况下人体经呼吸每日最大摄入二恶英的量均远小于允许摄入量参考标准值,环境防护距离确定方法更为科学和人性化,有利于消除公众对此类建设项目的误解。     

Suppressive effect of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls transfer from feed to eggs of laying hens by activated carbon as feed additive

In this study, we investigated the suppressive effect of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins (PCDDs), polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDFs), and dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (DL-PCBs) transfer from the feed to the eggs of laying hens by using activated carbon as a feed additive. Four groups of six hens (White Leghorn egg-layers; age, 11 weeks) were housed as two control groups and two exposure groups for a period of 20 weeks. Two control groups were fed with either the basal feed “Control” or basal feed additing activated carbon “Control + C”. Another two exposure groups were fed with feed contaminated (about 6 ng TEQ kg⁻¹ feed) by standard solutions of PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs “Exposure” alone and contaminated feed adding activated carbon “Exposure + C”. There was no significant effect on each groups for the growth rate, biochemical blood components, and egg production: these were around the standard levels for poultry in general. Moreover the results in this study showed the availability of activated carbon as a feed additive owing to the reduction in the risk of food pollution by PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs. The concentration in the eggs of the Exposure group gradually increased following the start of egg-laying but reached a steady state after about 1 month. In contrast, the concentration for the Exposure + C group was stationary and below the maximum EU level (6 pg TEQ g⁻¹ fat). In comparison to the Exposure group, the Exposure + C group showed a significant decline in the percentage of bioaccumulation into the egg. This reduction due to activated carbon was also observed in the muscle and abdominal fat. The reductions were compound- and congener-dependent for DL-PCBs as follows: PCDDs/PCDFs, non-ortho-PCBs, and mono-ortho-PCBs were more than 90%, 80%, and 50%, respectively, irrespective of the type of tissues. Fat soluble vitamin concentrations in the eggs of the Exposure + C group showed lower trends than the Exposure group. The γ-tocopherol and α-tocopherol concentrations in eggs of Exposure + C group showed a significant reduction of about 40%. However, the addition of activated carbon into animal feed could obviate the remote potential for accidents causing unintentional food pollution with PCDDs/PCDFs and DL-PCBs.     

二噁英分析检测方法研究进展及展望

二噁英是系列多氯代二苯并二噁英和多氯代二苯并呋喃的总称,是广泛存在于几乎整个生态系统如空气、土壤、底质、生物体中的一组剧毒致癌物质.它们通过各种燃烧过程、化学制造、工业生产等途径进入环境,并在环境中长期滞留和生物体内富集,给人类带来一系列毒副作用:如生殖、生长毒性、内分泌毒性、免疫抑制作用以及致癌性.本文首先对二噁英进行概述,并对其污染状况进行分析.在此基础上,阐述了二噁英分析方法的研究进展,最后论述了中国二噁英检测的进程.中国二噁英研究任重而道远,仍为今后研究重点和热点.     

中高温区碳酰肼还原NOx和抑制二{（左）口（右）恶}英的研究

济大学热能与环境工程研究所,上海 200092;2.上海宝钢研究院,上海 201900;3.上海电站辅机厂,上海 200090）摘要：试验研究了氧量为10.1%～16.7%的条件下,中高温区（450～1050℃）碳酰肼还原烟气中NO_x,及以不同方式加入焚烧炉和烧结系统时抑制二{（左）口（右）恶}英的生成.结果表明,在烟气中氧量较高的条件下,碳酰肼在600℃和967℃左右,脱硝效率分别达到最大,850℃左右时最低,显示了双峰效应.将碳酰肼溶液喷入适当温度区域的烟气中,能明显降低二{（左）口（右）恶}英在再合成温区（250～450℃）收集的飞灰中的二{（左）口（右）恶}英含量;将碳酰肼混入烧结矿料中进行烧结锅试验,烧结烟气中的二{（左）口（右）恶}英排放含量随着碳酰肼掺混量的增大而降低;当碳酰肼的掺混量（质量分数）达到0.1%时,烟气中二{（左）口（右）恶}英的毒性当量浓度与不掺时相比降低了78.8%.研究表明碳酰肼可以多种方式加入焚烧炉和烧结炉中抑制NO_x和二{（左）口（右）恶}英的排放,是一种很有前景的NO_x和二{（左）口（右）恶}英双效抑制剂.     

高野豆腐等对大白鼠中二噁英类的排泄作用研究

通过投给大白鼠二噁英类(1,2,3,4,7,8-HxCDD和2,3,7,8-TeCDD),并喂食高野豆腐、酵素处理的高野豆腐、水溶性食物纤维等,对二噁英类从其粪便中的排泄和体内蓄积的抑制进行了研究.研究结果表明高野豆腐制品比水溶性食物纤维能更有效地促进二噁英类从粪便中排泄,更有效地抑制其在肝脏中的蓄积.     

基于关联模型的二恶英在线检测研究

为实现二恶英快速检测,指导废物焚烧炉二恶英减排,通过检测生活垃圾焚烧炉烟气中氯苯和二恶英浓度,研究了三氯苯、四氯苯和二恶英之间的关联关系,并利用实验室自行研制的飞行时间质谱仪对烟气样品的三氯苯进行在线检测。结果表明,三氯苯与二恶英毒性当量(I-TEQ)之间存在良好关联性,相关系数(R2)可达到0.89。仪器检测信号强度与三氯苯浓度之间具有良好的线性关系,根据在线检测烟气样品中三氯苯的信号可得到三氯苯浓度,并根据关联模型计算得到二恶英毒性当量值I-TEQ,实现了对烟气样品中二恶英的快速间接测量。