Chlorinated dibenzo-<Emphasis Type="Italic">p</Emphasis>-dioxins and dibenzofurans in the baltic herrinj and sprat of estonian coastal waters

BACKGROUND, AIMS AND SCOPE: The concentration of chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans in many fish from the Baltic requires monitoring, since it approaches or exceeds the European Union threshold limit value of 4 pg TEQ/g wet weight of fish for human consumption. The concentrations, expressed in TEQs, are important for toxicology and regulations, but hide the concentrations of the individual congeners, which are important for other environmental sciences, source allocation, and for the detection of measurement errors. This report evaluates the results of a survey reported earlier only in the terms of the TEQ concentrations. METHODS: Principal Component Analysis (PCA) was used to reduce the dimensions of the data (17 = 7 chlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxin and 10 chlorinated dibenzofuran congeners) to three principal components. This facilitated the interpretation of the congener profiles. Slopes of the congener concentrations as a function of age of the fish were estimated by least squares regression. The results were compared with a large set of data for lake trout from Lake Ontario. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: The congener profiles of Baltic herring are less scattered than those of sprat. The profiles of herring from the central Baltic differ from those of herring from the Gulf of Riga and both appear to be affected relatively minimally by the age of the fish. The congener profiles of herring from the western Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the central Baltic, those from middle Gulf of Finland are similar to those from the Gulf of Riga. Both seem to be more affected by age of the fish than the profiles of the first two groups. The concentrations of several pentachloro- and hexachloro-dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans increase with the age of the fish CONCLUSION: PCA is a good technique for the evaluation of the congener profiles. The resulting loading and score plots provide a good graphic summary of the multidimensional data. Additional analyses are needed to confirm the observed profile patterns. A comparison with the results of a long-term monitoring from another area shows that the age of the fish is a more important factor than the year of capture. RECOMMENDATION AND OUTLOOK: The surveys should continue for a number of years and the results should be presented and evaluated both in terms of the TEQs as well as in terms of weight concentrations. Since the concentrations do not appear to change very much from year to year, it would be better to carry out surveys only every 3-4 years and, instead, stratify the sampling according to age and gender of the fish, and to analyze replicate extracts by replicate measurements. The inclusion of unmarked replicate samples would be a good quality assurance measure. It would be desirable to analyze additional parts of the food chain in order to understand the fate of the compounds in the ecosystem.     

小型高效回转窑式焚烧炉的探索与实践

针对化工行业中多种类工业废弃物的特点 ,确定采用回转窑式焚烧炉的可行性 ,给出了焚烧系统的设计思路以及重要设备的计算方法 ,并在实际中加以验证     

Melting and incineration plants of municipal waste. Chemical and biochemical diagnosis of thermal processing samples (emission,residues)

Control of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) in emissions and thermal residues from incinerators has been a cause of public concern for more than one decade. Recently, several studies showed that other persistent organic pollutants (POPs) such as coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs) also have dioxin-like activity and are released from incinerators. Therefore, the present study was aimed at making a risk assessment about dioxin-like activity in extracts of thermal waste residues (e.g. combustion gas; fly ash, slag) from incineration and melting processes in Germany and Japan. For this purpose, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs), coplanar polychlorinated biphenyls (co-PCBs), polychlorinated naphthalenes (PCNs) and polyaromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) were analyzed by chemical analysis. Additionally, 2, 3, 7, 8-TCDD equivalents (EROD-TEQs) were determined by in vitro Micro-EROD bioassay using rat H4IIE hepatoma cells. EROD-TEQs could be correlated to I-TEQ values (from PCDD/Fs/co-PCBs) analyzed by chemical analysis resulting in a maximal sixfold higher estimate. Our study indicates minor influences of co-PCBs, PAHs and PCNs to the sum of dioxin-like toxicity in the extracts of thermal waste residues as determined here. Furthermore, we showed that the levels of dioxins and co-PCBs contained in slag from melting processes and bottom ashes from incineration processes were lower by 1-2 orders of magnitude than that in fly ash.     

Survey of dioxin sources in the Baltic Region (extended summary)

The present paper summarises the results of the project: 'Survey of Anthropogenic Sources of Dioxins and Furans in the Baltic Region'. As a part of the project, inventories have been carried out in Estonia, Latvia, Lithuania and Poland by applying the toolkit for quantification of dioxin and furan releases developed by UNEP Chemicals. The main route of direct releases to the environment is emission to air. Total emission to air from Poland was estimated at 490 (88-1,300) g I-TEQ/year, whereas the emissions from Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania were estimated as being 14 (2.4-54), 23 (2.6-63) and 17 (2.6-38) g I-TEQ, respectively. In general, the uncertainty on the estimates is very high, and recommendations regarding further development of the inventories have been made, and measures for reducing the releases have been provided.     

自然水体介质中白腐菌对二噁英类物质的降解

研究了自然水体介质中白腐菌射脉侧菌（Phlebia radiata）Ⅰ-5-6对二噁英类物质2，7-二氯二苯并噁英（2，7-diCDD）和八氯二苯并呋喃（OCDF）的降解规律．结果显示，在自然河水为介质的培养环境中，2，7-diCDD随着江水加入量的递增，降解率逐步下降，但这种影响随着培养时间的延长而逐步减弱．白腐菌处理OCDF底物的效果并不理想，经过12d处理后，降解率最高只达到36．00％，这很可能是由于OCDF已经高度氧化，再要对它进行氧化降解比较困难．     

VOx-MnOx/TiO2催化脱除氮氧化物与二英研究

二英会降低人类的免疫力,影响人体和神经发育;氮氧化物则会对人体的各项脏器和血液组织有严重危害,还会破坏臭氧层,加速酸雨的形成.商业钒钛催化剂既能脱除氮氧化物又能催化分解二英（邻二氯苯作为模拟物）,二英活性温度区为200~300℃,而脱硝活性温度为300~400℃.研究了VO_x/TiO₂、MnO_x/TiO₂以及VO_x-MnO_x/TiO₂等催化剂在200~300℃脱硝、脱除二英的情况.结果表明,在VO_x/TiO₂催化剂中掺入MnO_x促进脱硝活性温度区间由300~400℃往200~300℃偏移,当MnO_x和VO_x摩尔比为3：1时,催化剂在250℃脱硝和脱除二英的效果最好,催化NO和邻二氯苯效率分别为92.0%和89.0%.原位红外漫反射光谱研究表明,1V3M/T催化剂表面的脱硝反应在250℃遵循L-H机理,—NH₂、N_xH_yO_z、单齿亚硝酸盐和二齿硝酸盐是主要的反应中间体.     

白腐菌对3种含氯二(噁)(口英)类物质的降解作用

探讨了白腐菌射脉侧菌Phlebia radiateI-5-6对3种含氯量不同的二类物质———二苯并呋喃(DF)、2,7-二氯二苯并二(2,7-diCDD)和八氯二苯并呋喃(OCDF)的降解情况,并研究了不同培养条件对二降解的影响.在液体混合培养基中,在培养期内P.radiataI-5-6对3种二类物质的降解量分别为:DF>2,7-diCDD>OCDF;在培养的初始阶段,白腐菌对珠江江水/CEH漂白废水的加入需要一个适应期,然后开始降解这些污染物质.实验表明,在江水/CEH漂白废水处于一定浓度时,污染底物有更大的降解量;选择适当的培养基,可影响白腐菌对二类污染物的降解量.图3表3参17     

利用水泥生产线协同处置城市生活垃圾排污分析

分析了利用水泥生产线协同处置城市生活垃圾过程中重金属转化和二噁英产生的过程,提出在水泥生产系统中,重金属和氯有一个循环过程,认为挥发性重金属和二噁英仍有部分经窑尾烟囱排入大气,其排放量和排放浓度能否达到国家标准仍有一定的不确定性.     

Simple removal of dioxins by injecting combustion gas into water

A simple, low-cost method for suppression of dioxins/furans (hereinafter referred to as dioxins) is required because many middle- and, especially, small-scale incinerators have fallen into disuse or have been dismantled because of the high running and system costs of measures for the suppression of dioxins. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to develop a simple removal method for dioxins from combustion gas and to evaluate the basic removal rate of dioxins. The removal method for suspended matter in a gas mixture (cold model) and dioxins in exhaust gases (hot model) has been investigated by means of gas injection into water, the mechanism of which is that the suspended matter in the gas gathers at the gas–liquid interface. In the cold model, the removal ratio of fine particles (R_P) by gas injection into water was reproduced well by the following equation: R_P (%) = 100 × {1−exp(−0.8 · S_S · t_C)}, where S_S (cm²/cm³) is the specific surface area of bubbles and t_C (s) is the residence time of bubbles in water. The removal ratio of fine particles increased as the product S_s · t_C increased. In a hot model using the exhaust gas from combustion experiments of polyvinyl chloride, the removal ratio of dioxins (R_D) by injecting the exhaust gas into water was estimated by the following equation: R_D (%) = 100 × {1−exp(−0.8 · S_S · t_C · C_D0 ^0.07)}, where C_D0 [ng/cm³ (at standard temperature and pressure)] is the dioxins concentration in the exhaust gas before injection into water. R_D depends greatly on the specific surface area of bubbles and the residence time of the bubbles in water, and only weakly on the dioxins concentration in the exhaust gas. Injection of the exhaust gas into water has been shown to be effective and was evaluated as a simple method for the removal of dioxins from exhaust gas.     

生活垃圾热解气化二噁英生成指示物浓度分布及关联模型研究

生活垃圾热解气化过程中二噁英在线监测关联模型缺失.本文研究了不同反应气氛、氯源条件下生活垃圾热解气化过程中二噁英及指示物氯苯、多环芳烃的排放特性,利用SPSS软件量化二噁英与前驱物氯苯、多环芳烃之间的相关性.结果表明,由于还原性气氛的抑制,热解气化条件下二噁英毒性当量要比氧化性条件下低60倍.此外,12种氯苯中1,2,3-TrCBZ (1,2,3-trichlorobenzene)可作为城市生活垃圾热解气化烟气中二噁英含量的优选指示物,并建立了气相PCDD/Fs (Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans)与1,2,3-TrCBZ浓度的线性相关模型.16种多环芳烃中BKF（苯并荧蒽）和DbA （二苯并蒽）与二噁英总量、毒性当量的关联性一般,R2在0.7左右.本研究可为热解气化条件下二噁英在线监测关联模型的建立提供理论指导.