水质·杀菌剂多菌灵的测定固相萃取-HPLC法

本方法是用固相萃取法萃取水和废水中的多菌灵,取浓缩纯化后的有机相直接进样到高效液相色谱仪,用二极管矩阵检测器检测,根据保留时间外标法定量.     

基于技术和水质相结合的排污许可限值核定技术研究

“十三五”期间,我国排污许可管理制度已基本建立;“十四五”时期,我国排污许可管理将逐步过渡到注重水质达标的管理阶段.为适应我国排污许可新的管理需求,研究了基于技术和水质相结合的排污许可限值核定技术.其中,基于技术的排放限值核定主要根据企业的行业属性和核定产能,结合环境影响评价批复的污染物排放额度,确定其排放浓度限值和排放总量限值;基于水质的排放限值核定需建立污染源与水质之间的响应关系,以地表水水质达标为目标,计算各污染源的最大允许排放量.最终的排污许可限值为基于技术的排污许可限值和基于水质的排污许可限值的最小值.以常州为例,从常州排污许可证核发重点行业选取了两家化工企业A和B,核算其基于技术的排放限值;采用水质模拟和污染物最大允许排放量分配技术,计算了污染物最大允许排放量,并分配到两家化工企业,作为基于水质的排放限值.结果表明:A化工企业COD_Cr和NH₃-N的最终排污许可限值分别为6.53和0.075 t/a,其中,COD_Cr的最终取值为基于水质的排放限值,NH₃-N基于技术和基于水质的排放取值相同;B化工企业COD_Cr和NH₃-N的最终排放限值分别为11.60和0.17 t/a,最终取值均为基于技术的排放限值.研究显示,基于水质的排许可限值受到企业自身和外部水环境容量的双重影响,应从严制定排污许可限值,既能达到企业行业排放标准和环境影响评价批复的要求,又能满足水环境质量达标的目标.      

基于外检测的新投产管道合于使用评价实践

目的落实油气管道定期检验工作,确保管道安全平稳运行,方法通过对西南管道公司所辖某天然气管道进行外腐蚀直接检测,包括管线敷设环境调查、防腐层状况不开挖检测、管道阴极保护有效性评价检测以及开挖直接检验。根据检测结果进行合于使用评价,包括应力分析计算、剩余强度评估、管道剩余寿命预测等。结果管道允许使用,再评价间隔5年。结论直接检测方法采用多种检测手段对管道外腐蚀情况和防腐保护系统进行管道全面检验,并出具合于使用评价,是一种综合的完整性评价方法,符合法定检验的要求,其评价结果可作为管道完整性管理的可靠依据,可据此制定管道的维修方案和预防措施。     

京津冀区域典型重污染过程与反馈效应研究

以京津冀地区2014年10月5~12日一次重污染过程为例,采用飞机AMDAR数据和WRF-Chem模式,分析了大气边界层垂直结构与PM_2.5的时空演变规律,定量研究了气溶胶直接反馈效应对多种气象要素的影响.结果表明：此次重污染过程地域范围广、持续时间长、影响强度大,PM_2.5污染呈带状分布,主要受地面均压场和高空纬向环流形成稳定的大气环流背景场、垂直层风场及逆温共同影响.气溶胶直接反馈效应导致京津冀地区整个时段太阳辐射量降低39.80W/m²,气温下降0.34℃,边界层高度降低36.64m,相对湿度升高0.90%.反馈效应南部地区较北部更显著,污染日强于平均时段和清洁天,气溶胶的辐射反馈作用使得各气象要素均呈现不利于污染物扩散的趋势,造成气溶胶聚集区PM_2.5浓度进一步增加.     

水中氯离子的测定方法及其研究进展

离子是水体中常见的阴离子之一,其含量的测定是水质监测的一项重要指标.其浓度过高会使水质变差、危害身体健康、妨碍植物生长、腐蚀管道和设备.随着环境及环保法规要求的日益严格,水中氯离子的测定也越来越受到重视.综述了近年来水中氯离子的测定方法,主要包括滴定法、离子色谱法、分光光度法、电位滴定法、浊度法.介绍了上述方法的测定原理、特点、应用,并对各种方法进行了对比分析.     

The effect of queen-worker conflict on caste determination in the bumblebee Bombus terrestris

Endocrine analyses were used to investigate the well-known association between queen production and the onset of worker reproduction (termed the competition phase, CPh) in Bombus terrestris. Larvae that reached the age of 5 days before the CPh had a worker-like profile: low juvenile hormone (JH) biosynthesis rates and low JH hemolymph titers. In contrast, larvae that reached the age of 5 days during the CPh had a queen-like profile: high JH biosynthesis rates and high hemolymph JH levels. Larval fate could be manipulated by transplanting egg cells into host colonies with different social structures. There was a steep rise in JH production in larvae transplanted into colonies near or during the CPh. This indicates that during colony development, larvae switch from the ”worker developmental pathway” to the ”queen developmental pathway,” and that the switch is socially regulated. In small rearing groups, larvae reared with queens before the CPh developed into workers, whereas those reared with queens after the CPh developed into queens. Variation in worker type (naive or experienced) did not affect caste determination. Therefore, we hypothesize that queens produce a pheromone that directly inhibits queen differentiation by larvae. We also present two alternative scenarios that explain the timing of gyne production in B. terrestris, one based on ecological constraints and the other based on queen-worker competition. Received: 20 October 1999 / Received in revised form: 18 December 1999 / Accepted: 23 January 2000     

基于水化学分析的煤矿矿井突水水源判别

矿井突水是煤矿生产过程中的主要自然灾害,准确判定矿井突水水源是解决突水问题的重要条件。基于模糊综合评判和矩阵方程分析数学原理,分别建立了矿井突水的模糊综合评判和矩阵方程分析模型;在水化学分析的基础上,建立了水样6项指标评判标准,利用两种方法分别对某煤矿3个不同突水巷道水样进行了水源判别,并与实际突水水源相比较。结果表明,模糊综合评判和矩阵方程分析均能有效判别矿井突水水源,但各有其优越性及局限性,选择何种判别方法应视矿井突水水化学资料状况而定。     

Rewards and employee creative performance: Moderating effects of creative self‐efficacy,reward importance,and locus of control

The effects of extrinsic rewards on creative performance have been controversial, and scholars have called for the examination of the boundary conditions of such effects. Drawing upon expectancy theory, we attend to both reinforcement and self‐determination pathways that reveal the informational and controlling functions of creativity‐related extrinsic rewards. We further identify the individual dispositions that moderate these two pathways. Specifically, we propose that extrinsic rewards for creativity positively predict creative performance only when employees have high creative self‐efficacy and regard such rewards as important. We likewise propose that extrinsic rewards positively affect the intrinsic motivation of employees with an internal locus of control, thus enhancing their creative performance. Results based on a sample of 181 employee–supervisor dyads largely supported these expectations. The current analysis enriches the creativity literature by combining different perspectives in a coherent framework, by demonstrating the positive effects of extrinsic rewards on intrinsic motivation, and by demonstrating that the rewards–creativity relationship varies across employees depending on their individual differences. Copyright © 2014 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Using self‐determination theory to understand the relationship between calling enactment and daily well‐being

This paper contributes to the calling literature by using self‐determination theory—a theory that makes distinctions between different types of motivation—in order to gain a better understanding of how enacting a calling may relate both positively and negatively to well‐being. We use a daily diary method novel to the calling field and a sample with a distinctive calling, Church of England clergy. We expect daily calling enactment to relate positively to daily well‐being via more autonomous forms of motivation (intrinsic and identified motivation) and negatively via less autonomous forms (introjected motivation). Furthermore, we consider how the relationship between calling enactment and motivation may be moderated by perceived competence. The hypotheses were tested using multi‐level structural equation modeling. There was strong support for calling enactment relating positively to well‐being, and this relationship was fully mediated by intrinsic and identified motivation; the hypothesized negative pathway, from calling enactment, to introjected motivation, to well‐being, was not supported. However, perceived competence was found to moderate some of the relationships between calling and the motivation types, where calling enactment is linked to lower introjected motivation at high levels of competence. Copyright © 2015 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

循环冷却水水垢中锌含量测定优化实验研究

对工业循环冷却水水垢中锌含量的测定方法进行了系统优化,主要考察了样品酸度、缓冲溶液添加量、试剂时效性、样品中铁离子量、掩蔽剂量和滴定剂浓度对锌含量检测效果的影响。结果表明:样品酸度控制在pH=4.9~5.1范围内,乙酸-乙酸钠缓冲溶液添加量为30 m L时,锌含量检出值最大,指示剂灵敏度最佳;试剂乙酸-乙酸钠在20 d内使用、二甲酚橙指示剂即配即用对滴定终点的判断效果较好;锌含量测定前应先检测样品中铁离子含量,若铁离子≥40%则应先沉淀过滤后方可进行测定;锌含量检出值随掩蔽剂添加量呈先升后降的趋势,并在3.2 g时滴定效果最佳;滴定剂浓度为0.010 mol/L时锌含量检出值最高;优化实验测定结果接近真实值,方法准确可靠。