缸内直喷汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的理化特征及影响因素

通过发动机台架实验研究了发动机的转速、负荷对缸内直喷(GDI)汽油机排放PM_(2.5)的排放水平、化学组成及颗粒物数浓度等的影响.结果表明:GDI汽油机排放PM_(2.5),OC,EC的排放因子分别为(49.8±28.2),(21.6±6.9),(11.4±10.8)mg/kg.低转速时,PM_(2.5)排放量随着负荷的增加先减少后增加,中、高转速时随着负荷的增加逐渐增加.碳质气溶胶是GDI汽油机排放的PM_(2.5)的主要组成成分,有机物(OM)和元素碳(EC)分别占PM_(2.5)的45.6%~70.6%和7.9%~42.7%.PM_(2.5)数浓度呈核态(10nmDp30nm)和积聚态(30nmDp200nm)的双峰分布,数浓度排放量比进气道喷射(PFI)汽油机高2个数量级,不同转速下积聚态颗粒数浓度随着负荷的增加而增加.     

A new method for calculating saddle seat height with an emphasis on optimal posture based on trigonometric relations

Introduction. Based on the literature, the ergonomic saddle chair provides the most appropriate posture for users. Determination of the seat height is critical to establish the proper posture, carried out using various methods of anthropometry. This study aimed to develop a simple and applied method for determining the saddle seat height with an emphasis on appropriate posture. Methods. In this study, anthropometric dimensions including weight, body height, popliteal height and seat height at 135° knee angle in 150 male and female dentists were measured. In the laboratory, to determine the ‘acetabuloischial number’, 25 male and female natural hip bones were measured. The mean saddle-chair height with knee angle of 135° was then compared by two different methods, field measurement and the new calculation method. Results. The results showed a strong correlation between data gathered from the two different methods, the field measurement and the new calculation method (98%), and Cronbach’s α from the intraclass correlation was equal to 0.994 (p?<?0.05). This indicated that the two methods produced similar results. Conclusion. The new method can be applied to calculate the optimal height of the saddle seat based on body height and popliteal height.     

固体废物中氰化物全量的测定方法研究

建立了固体废物中氰化物全量的测定方法.选择金矿、电镀污泥等典型固废实际样品为研究对象,探讨了氰化物的全量测定结果与提取液pH的关系,确定使用pH值>12的氢氧化钠水溶液做为全量提取液.提取液中氰化物的含量采用硝酸银滴定法、异烟酸-吡唑啉酮或异烟酸-巴比妥酸分光光度法进行测定.方法检出限分别为0.24、0.03及0.02 mg/kg,实际固废样品加标回收率范围在92.2%~107%,6次测定结果的RSD为1.5%~11.7%.该方法检出限低、回收率高,精密度和准确度良好,适用于固体废物中氰化物的全量测定.     

HJ636—2012测定总氮时影响空白值因素分析

碱性过硫酸钾氧化紫外分光光度法(HJ 636—2012)测定水中总氮时,经常出现空白值偏高的现象。为此,从总氮的测定过程出发,探讨了影响总氮测定的因素。结果表明:过硫酸钾的纯度对空白值的影响最大;氢氧化钠的纯度对空白值也有一定的影响;实验中可用去离子水代替无氨水;当室温超过27℃时,碱性过硫酸钾溶液的存放时间最好不超过3 d;不同的消解设备对空白值的影响不明显。     

水中亚硝酸根的现场测定及在地下水污染调查中的应用

以对氨基苯磺酸为重氮组分,α-萘胺为显色剂,采用便携式分光光度计,建立了环境水体中亚硝酸盐氮的现场快速测定方法,并将其用于玛纳斯河流域地下水污染调查评价。结果表明:亚硝酸盐氮在0.010~0.200 mg/L时有良好的线性关系,方法检出限为0.003 mg/L,加标回收率(n=5)为90.0%~104.0%,相对标准偏差为0.54%~1.27%,测定结果能够准确反映不同位置环境水体中亚硝酸盐的污染程度。该方法测试成本低,操作简便、快捷,尤其适用于地表水及地下水水质污染调查评价及污染事故的应急监测分析等领域。     

A Standard Lexicon for Biodiversity Conservation: Unified Classifications of Threats and Actions

Abstract: An essential foundation of any science is a standard lexicon. Any given conservation project can be described in terms of the biodiversity targets, direct threats, contributing factors at the project site, and the conservation actions that the project team is employing to change the situation. These common elements can be linked in a causal chain, which represents a theory of change about how the conservation actions are intended to bring about desired project outcomes. If project teams want to describe and share their work and learn from one another, they need a standard and precise lexicon to specifically describe each node along this chain. To date, there have been several independent efforts to develop standard classifications for the direct threats that affect biodiversity and the conservation actions required to counteract these threats. Recognizing that it is far more effective to have only one accepted global scheme, we merged these separate efforts into unified classifications of threats and actions, which we present here. Each classification is a hierarchical listing of terms and associated definitions. The classifications are comprehensive and exclusive at the upper levels of the hierarchy, expandable at the lower levels, and simple, consistent, and scalable at all levels. We tested these classifications by applying them post hoc to 1191 threatened bird species and 737 conservation projects. Almost all threats and actions could be assigned to the new classification systems, save for some cases lacking detailed information. Furthermore, the new classification systems provided an improved way of analyzing and comparing information across projects when compared with earlier systems. We believe that widespread adoption of these classifications will help practitioners more systematically identify threats and appropriate actions, managers to more efficiently set priorities and allocate resources, and most important, facilitate cross‐project learning and the development of a systematic science of conservation.     

微直流电场对大肠杆菌生长代谢活性的作用

对大肠杆菌（Escherichia coli,DH5α）培养液在连续培养时分别通入不同强度的直流电场,研究了其在持续直流电刺激下的生长曲线、pH曲线、ATP酶活性、胞内总蛋白含量、细胞膜通透性以及细菌微观形态变化.结果表明,适宜的直流电能够促进大肠杆菌增殖;大肠杆菌的ATP酶活在25 mA电流作用下在对数生长前期、对数...     

The composition,heating value and renewable share of the energy content of mixed municipal solid waste in Finland

For the estimation of greenhouse gas emissions from waste incineration it is essential to know the share of the renewable energy content of the combusted waste. The composition and heating value information is generally available, but the renewable energy share or heating values of different fractions of waste have rarely been determined.In this study, data from Finnish studies concerning the composition and energy content of mixed MSW were collected, new experimental data on the compositions, heating values and renewable share of energy were presented and the results were compared to the estimations concluded from earlier international studies. In the town of Lappeenranta in south-eastern Finland, the share of renewable energy ranged between 25% and 34% in the energy content tests implemented for two sample trucks. The heating values of the waste and fractions of plastic waste were high in the samples compared to the earlier studies in Finland. These high values were caused by good source separation and led to a low share of renewable energy content in the waste. The results showed that in mixed municipal solid waste the renewable share of the energy content can be significantly lower than the general assumptions (50–60%) when the source separation of organic waste, paper and cardboard is carried out successfully. The number of samples was however small for making extensive conclusions on the results concerning the heating values and renewable share of energy and additional research is needed for this purpose.     

同步荧光法同时测定黄土中的菲和萘

建立了同时测定菲和萘混合液中二组分的固定波长同步荧光光谱法.菲和萘的线性范围分别为0.001～0.101mg/L和0.0025～0.25mg/L,检出限分别为0.47ng/mL和0.14ng/mL,相对标准偏差分别为0.48%和0.89%(n=12).此方法可用于研究黄土对菲、萘混合液吸附平衡后上清液中的菲和萘的同时测定.结果表明,黄土对菲和萘的吸附曲线满足Freundlich方程,为预测和治理土壤污染提供了一种快速简便的测试手段.