长江三角洲地区大气顶气溶胶直接辐射强迫遥感估算

利用MODIS和OMI卫星遥感数据估算长江三角洲地区大气顶气溶胶直接辐射强迫并分析其时空变化特征.结果表明了大气顶辐射强迫和气溶胶光学厚度(AOT)存在明显的线性相关关系,R和RMSE分别为0.89和5.50.大气顶辐射强迫的区域月平均变化范围大约在-10~-70W/m2之间,一年中最大值(-53.97±6.14W/m2)和AOT一样出现在6月,最小值(-16.41±2.10W/m2)出现在12月.4个季节的大小依次是:夏季(-44.30±9.09W/m2)>春季(-42.00±7.83W/m2)>秋季(-28.02±6.32W/m2)>冬季(-20.40±5.00W/m2).在6 月,大气顶气溶胶辐射强迫空间差异最明显,在太湖沿岸的城市地区,如上海、杭州,辐射强迫可达-70W/m2,而在千岛湖地区大约为-10W/m2.在12月,空间差异最小,北部城市地区大约为-20 W/m2;南部地区大约为-10 W/m2.     

Study on degradation process of famotidine hydrochloride in aqueous samples

The kinetics of famotidine (FAM) transformation under the influence of various factors, important from the environmental point of view, was investigated in aqueous solutions. The degradation processes using UV, H₂O₂, UV/H₂O₂, H₂O₂/Fe²⁺, and UV/H₂O₂/Fe²⁺ were studied. Direct photolysis and H₂O₂-assisted photolysis showed a pseudo-first-order kinetics, while the Fenton and the photo-Fenton processes fit second-order kinetics. The provided experiments proved a high resistance of FAM to direct photolysis. Its stability depends highly on the pH of the reaction solutions. The rate of FAM direct photolysis in acidic solutions was almost negligible. The reaction rate of FAM photolysis at pH 8–9 was 3.7 × 10^?3 min^?1 with DT₅₀ about 3 h 7 min. It was found that the presence of H₂O₂ in the reaction environment enhances the rate of photolysis of FAM. The observed rates of reaction were 5.1 × 10^?3 min^?1 and 3.7 × 10^?3 min^?1 in acidic and basic solutions, respectively. The used Fenton systems appeared to be the most efficient in FAM removal. The rate of reaction depends on concentration of Fe²⁺ and H₂O₂. It was observed that the presence of UV-light enhances the reaction rate by two to six times in comparison to the classical Fenton system. Additionally, FAM behavior in natural water under solar irradiation was examined. The irradiation experiments were carried out in batch experiments with simulated sunlight.     

Cadmium and chromium in human lung tissue in relation to smoking and lung cancer

The pulmonary Cd and Cr content was determined from 53 lung cancer patients operated for cancer and from 39 patients who died of non‐malignant diseases. The results were correlated with smoking habits, pulmonary emphysema and occupational history. Both the pulmonary Cd and Cr increased with the amount of smoking. In ex‐smokers the Cr content in lung tissue did not diminish with the time since stopping smoking, but the Cd did follow the half‐life of about 9 years. The pulmonary Cd, compared with smoking habits, behaved similarly in both the lung cancer and control patients, whereas Cr in the lung cancer patients could not be explained solely by smoking, but some of the cancer patients may have been occupationally exposed to Cr. Speciation was not studied.     

SIL determination: Recognising and handling high demand mode scenarios

The International Standards for Functional Safety (IEC 61508 and IEC 61511) are well recognised and have been adopted globally in many of the industrialised countries during the past 10 years or so. Conformance with these standards involves determination of the requirements for instrumented risk reduction measures, described in terms of a safety integrity level (SIL). During this period within the process sector, layer of protection analysis (LOPA) has become the most widely used approach for SIL determination. Experience has identified that there is a type of hazardous event scenario that occurs within the process sector that is not well recognised by practitioners, and is therefore not adequately handled by the standard LOPA approach. This is when the particular scenario places a high demand rate on the required safety instrumented function. This paper will describe how to recognise a high demand rate scenario. It will discuss what the standards have to say about high demand rates. It will then demonstrate how to assess this type of situation and provide a case study example to illustrate how to determine the necessary integrity level. It will conclude by explaining why it is important to treat high demand rate situations in this way and the resulting benefit of a lower but sufficient required integrity level.     

Government liabilities for disaster risk in industrialized countries: a case study of Australia

This paper explores sovereign risk preferences against direct and indirect natural disasters losses in industrialized countries. Using Australia as a case study, the analysis compares expected disaster losses and government capacity to finance losses. Utilizing a national disaster loss dataset, extreme value theory is applied to estimate an all-hazard annual loss distribution. Unusually but critically, the dataset includes direct as well as indirect losses, allowing for the analysis to consider the oft-ignored issue of indirect losses. Expected annual losses (direct, and direct plus indirect) are overlaid with a risk-layer approach, to distinguish low, medium and extreme loss events. Each risk layer is compared to available fiscal resources for financing losses, grounded in the political reality of Australian disaster financing. When considering direct losses only, we find support for a risk-neutral preference on the part of the Australian government for low and medium loss levels, and a risk-averse preference in regard to extreme losses. When indirect losses are also estimated, we find that even medium loss levels are expected to overwhelm available fiscal resources, thereby violating the available resources assumption underlying arguments for sovereign risk neutrality. Our analysis provides empirical support for the assertion that indirect losses are a major, under-recognised concern for industrialized countries. A risk-averse preference in regard to medium and extreme loss events recommends enhanced investment in both corrective and prospective risk reduction in relation to these risks level, in particular to reduce indirect losses.     

离子选择电极法测定水中40K的影响因素

对离子选择电极法测定水中^40K的影响因素进行了探讨,确定了用此方法测定水溶液中^40K的最佳实验条件,在此实验条件下,所得结果最接近标准值。     

STANDARDIZATION OF PEAK-VOLUME TRANSFORMATIONS1

ABSTRACT: A general treatment of logarithmic transformations and standardization of peak flows on powers of direct runoff is given. Interpretation is offered in this regard for several recent works. There is no basis in reason and no justification in practice for the power standardization. All power standardizations may be calculated from the original relationship.     

地震直接损失的多因素灰色关联分析

根据对多次历史地震直接损失资料的统计和定性分析,应用灰色系统理论,分析了计算各影响因素与地震直接损失的关联度,并对其进行了排序,研究结果客观地揭示了地震直接损失与各影响因素之间的相互关系。     

事故经济损失分析

在研究国内外有关事故经济损失要素及分类方法的基础上,结合我国GB6721-86<企业职工伤亡事故经济损失统计标准>和<工伤保险条例>(中华人民共和国国务院令第375号)的相关内容,提出了实行工伤保险企业的一起事故的经济损失费用要素及分类方法,具有一定的现实意义.     

粒状滤料过滤技术发展与应用的探讨

粒状滤料过滤技术广泛用于废水的深度处理.过滤技术使用后,快滤池技术发展迅速.随着多种滤料的开发,深层过滤技术得到发展,直接过滤工艺应运而生.反冲洗是快滤池的一项关键技术,气水联合反冲洗对滤料过滤能力的再生效果优于单水反冲洗.滤料过滤存在跑料、料层板结等问题,在工程实践中逐步得到改进.