一种基于测试数据的单枚导弹贮存寿命评估方法

目的研究单枚导弹的贮存寿命评估问题。方法对导弹状态数据中的定期测试数据进行统计分析,确定测试数据的变化规律,并通过移动标准差概念的引入,探讨测试数据的稳定性。应用多项式最小二乘法拟合对测试数据中表征导弹关键部件的特征参数的移动标准差进行预测。建立了单枚导弹的贮存寿命评估模型,并进行实例分析。结果得出了导弹的贮存稳定性水平。结论验证了该评估模型的合理性。     

海洋立管内流流动分析及疲劳寿命预测

涡激振动是立管发生疲劳破坏的关键因素之一。为了更加准确预测其疲劳寿命，基于Van Der Pol尾流振子模型，考虑内外流共同作用对立管的涡激振动影响及横向和顺流向的耦合作用，建立了立管涡激振动方程，用Hermit插值函数和Newmark-β法对方程求解，进一步采用P-M准则对立管疲劳寿命进行分析。并且通过设计试验对模型进行验证，最后研究管内流速对位移响应和疲劳寿命的影响。结果表明:立管振动位移随内流流速的增加而增加，造成立管疲劳寿命降低；通过增大顶张力可以有效消除内流的影响；立管两自由度涡激振动疲劳寿命大体相等，因此双向耦合作用在立管振动分析中应给予足够重视。     

基于生命周期的产品环境成本分析模型研究

在研究企业环境成本的基础上,结合生命周期思想重新界定了产品环境成本的定义,并按产品环境成本的形成对其进行了分解,进而构建了基于生命周期的产品环境成本分析模型,旨在分析环境成本对总成本的贡献程度,以明确产品的环境责任。     

汽车制动系统的匹配设计

通过对汽车制动系统的原理及结构性能的探讨,进一步掌握整车新产品开发设计中制动系统的匹配计算.     

锂离子电池循环寿命测试探讨

分析了现有标准中的锂离子电池循环寿命测试方法,并针对现有方法测试周期过长的问题探讨了拟合曲线法、大电流加速法以及大电流拟合曲线法等可以缩短测试周期的全新测试方法。     

Well-being for all? The social distribution of benefits gained from woodlands and forests in Britain

Well-being is a positive physical, mental and social state and has increasingly become an area of interest to researchers and policy-makers internationally. This paper presents results from research that analyses the well-being benefits gained by different sections of society through viewing, engaging with, and accessing woodlands and forests in Britain. We draw on 31 studies undertaken since 2001 and present a meta-analysis of quantitative data and a meta-synthesis of qualitative data to explore the range of benefits and associated activities in woodlands, and their social distribution. We also present a state-of-the-art typology of well-being benefits for woodlands in Britain. The findings illustrate the wide range of well-being benefits gained by different social groups through various forms of engagement with and activities undertaken in woodlands. We illustrate the wide range of meanings and values attached to trees and woodlands across different social groups. The evidence also illustrates how carefully designed and targeted interventions can be particularly effective in enabling and encouraging people to visit woodland sites, to participate or get involved in new activities and, therefore, to realise a range of well-being benefits.     

Life satisfaction approach to farmers’ compensation for land acquisition: empirical study from the suburbs of Wuhan City

Farmers’ compensation for land acquisition is not only critical to increasing their income and to playing a pivotal role in maintaining rural stability, but also to the promotion of sustainable land use. Based on analysis of Chinese land acquisition policy under the Land Management Law, which provides principles or guidelines for determining compensation according to agricultural land use in regard to farmers’ previous quality of life, the Life Satisfaction Approach is introduced in this article to evaluate farmers’ compensation for land acquisition. Employing data from a questionnaire survey on 346 farming households in Wuhan Suburbs, this article examined the influence of farmland on farmers’ life satisfaction and evaluated the level of compensation for land acquisition. Results show that farmland has a significantly positive impact on life satisfaction, which fell by 0.033 on a five-point scale following a reduction farmland by of 1 mu. Respondents were willing to accept approximately RMB 3066.44 annual household income for the loss of 1 mu farmland; the level of compensation after discounting by 6.2% is RMB 750,000 per hectare. It was found in a further comparative study that the level of farmers’ compensation for land acquisition is decidedly low, and it was also shown that their compensation standards, as well as the actual compensation, could be substantially improved by expanding economic compensation to non-economic compensation to embody farmland multifunction in terms of production and non-production against farmers’ previous quality of life. This article proposes a compensation model that enriches the content of land acquisition compensation, extends the current literature on measuring compensation, and provides economic theory bases for increasing compensation standards and improving policies related to land acquisition. We consider that if this compensation model is applied, it could raise the cost of land acquisition and improve usage of land, reduce the speed of rural–urban land conversion, and improve farmers’ well-being.     

A common pattern in long-term metals production

A common pattern equation for the production of metals over their entire life is proposed. The equation is tested for five metals namely: copper, aluminum, lead, molybdenum and tungsten which have distinctly different historical spans. Various stages of early and take-off growth are identified and labeled stages I–IV. The very early stage of growth leading to a diminishing in activity appears to be decoupled from the later high growth stages. An approximately 12 year perturbation life cycle is noted in stage III for most metals. Copper and aluminum are not yet in stage IV, nor show any signs of entering this stage in the next 50 years. The pattern equation appears to have generality. A strict interpretation of the various parameters in the pattern equation is not attempted in this article.     

Relationships between Sensitivity to Agricultural Intensification and Ecological Traits of Insectivorous Mammals and Arthropods

Abstract: We tested the hypothesis that variation in the sensitivity of animals to habitat change is explained by ecological traits (life‐history traits, trophic level, and mobility). We measured the sensitivity of insectivorous mammals (shrews and bats) and their prey (arthropods active at the soil surface and nocturnal aerial arthropods) to three aspects of agricultural intensification in a matched‐pair experimental design: increased use of agrochemicals (comparison of organic and conventional cereal crops, with pairing for the size of the boundary hedge), change in grassland management from hay to silage (with pairing for the size of the boundary hedge), and increased field size due to hedgerow loss (with boundary‐field comparisons as a proxy). We assessed the sensitivity of taxa as the difference in their relative abundance between pairs of high‐ and low‐intensity sites for each aspect of agricultural intensification. We used phylogenetically informed analyses to explore cross‐species relationships between our measures of sensitivity and seven ecological traits of animals (e.g., trophic level, mobility, and reproductive rate). Several traits were related to the sensitivity of animals to agricultural intensification. These traits were mainly associated with fast life histories (high reproductive output and low trophic level) and low mobility. Trophic level of adults was related to sensitivity to habitat change for all three aspects of agricultural intensification, but the direction of the relationship differed between the three aspects of intensification. The significance of the relationship between other ecological traits and sensitivity to intensification varied for the three aspects of agricultural intensification. Our results show that some ecological traits can be used to preselect taxa that are predicted to be sensitive to habitat change, and their sensitivity can be tested empirically for use as biotic indicator taxa. Understanding which traits are related to sensitivity to habitat change is vital because sensitivity is important in determining a taxon's ability to survive in dynamic environments.