城市综合承灾能力评价的分形模型

基于结构决定功能的系统原理,运用分形理论,构建城市综合承灾能力分形评价模型。首先构建了城市综合承灾能力评价指标体系;其次进行原始数据标准化处理及指标数据之间相关性的消除;接着进行研究对象的分形评价与分维计算;最后通过对29个城市实例进行计算,并与模糊可变识别评价方法、指数评价方法进行比较验证,得到各城市综合承灾能力属于相对较强、中等和较弱的各占13.79%6,5.52%和20.69%。实例分析结果与各城市承灾能力实际状态基本一致,显示该方法能利用一个综合反映多因素之间复杂关系的特征指标给出相应的评价等级结果。     

2000-2007年省级区域自然灾害灾情分析

自然灾害是严重影响人民正常生产生活、国家经济持续发展的突发公共事件。区域自然灾害评估对于做好防灾减灾工作有着重要的意义。对区域灾情进行了综合评估,归纳总结了区域灾情分布规律。选择受灾人口、死亡人口、紧急转移安置人口、农作物受灾面积、农作物绝收面积、倒塌房屋、损坏房屋和直接经济损失等8个基本指标参与区域灾情评估,并利用灾情综合指数法构建了灾情指数,其中绝对指数反映了区域灾情的绝对强度,相对指数反映了区域灾情对当地社会经济的影响程度。用灾情指数综合评估了我国东、中、西部三大地带以及省级区域的灾情强度和空间分布规律,认为西部区域受灾程度最大,自然灾害对其的影响程度最深,其次是中部地区和东部地区;文章利用综合灾情的绝对指数和相对指数的对应关系,将我国大陆地区的31个省级单元划分为4类地区,即灾情总量较大且对本地影响较大、灾情总量较大但对本地影响较小、灾情总量较小但对本地影响较大以及灾情总量较小且对本地影响较小等4种类型。文章给出的灾情区域分布规律符合灾害系统理论,特别反映了承灾体的暴露度、脆弱性和抗灾能力是区域灾情强度的决定因素。评估结果与区域实际情况相符,说明所给出的灾情指数评估法是评估区域灾情强弱的合理有效方法。     

重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力的评价——以湖南省为例

针对重大冰雪灾害应急管理的复杂性,基于湖南冰雪灾害案例以及国内外自然灾害及其应急管理的相关文献,提出了重大冰雪灾害应急管理能力评价指标结构。运用熵权法和群决策方法确定指标综合权重,采用群决策方法获得专家群体对一级评价指标的综合偏好,形成评价城市的综合评价矩阵,运用灰色综合评价模型求出各个评价城市应急管理能力的排序向量。最后以湖南省冰雪灾害为案例进行了应用。     

Continuity,social change and Katrina

For some time, disaster researchers have looked for social change and mostly found continuity. This paper argues that shifting the focus from investigating social change to documenting continuity may enhance the understanding and planning of post‐disaster situations especially in industrialised societies like the United States. Drawing from qualitative data from post‐Katrina New Orleans, it proposes using the concept of continuity as an analytical device both to identify the axes of continuity and evaluate the likelihood and possible dimensions of social change. The analysis of long‐term recovery plans, along with field observations and interviews with evacuees, suggest that despite the well‐documented emergence of conflict in post‐Katrina New Orleans, the likelihood of social change appears limited.     

The normalisation of terror: the response of Israel's stock market to long periods of terrorism

Man‐made disasters such as acts of terrorism may affect a society's resiliency and sensitivity to prolonged physical and psychological stress. The Israeli Tel Aviv stock market TA‐100 Index was used as an indicator of reactivity to suicide terror bombings. After accounting for factors such as world market changes and attack severity and intensity, the analysis reveals that although Israel's financial base remained sensitive to each act of terror across the entire period of the Second Intifada (2000–06), sustained psychological resilience was indicated with no apparent overall market shift. In other words, we saw a ‘normalisation of terror’ following an extended period of continued suicide bombings. The results suggest that investors responded to less transitory global market forces, indicating sustained resilience and long‐term market confidence. Future studies directly measuring investor expectations and reactions to man‐made disasters, such as terrorism, are warranted.     

An integrated approach: managing resources for post-disaster reconstruction

A lack of resources for post-disaster housing reconstruction significantly limits the prospects for successful recovery. Following the earthquake in Wenchuan, China, in May 2008, housing reconstruction was not immune to resource shortages and price inflation. Difficulties in sourcing materials and labour considerably impeded recovery. This paper provides evidence of the resourcing bottlenecks inherent in the post-Wenchuan earthquake reconstruction process. Its aim is to present an integrated planning framework for managing resources for post-disaster housing rebuilding. The results are drawn from in-field surveys that highlight the areas where stakeholders need to concentrate effort, including revising legislation and policy, enhancing capacity for rebuilding in the construction industry, strengthening the transportation network, restructuring market mechanisms, and incorporating environmental considerations into overall planning. Although the case study presented here is country-specific, it is hoped that the findings provide a basis for future research to identify resourcing constraints and solutions in other disaster contexts.     

Tsunami survivors' perspectives on vulnerability and vulnerability reduction: evidence from Koh Phi Phi Don and Khao Lak, Thailand

This paper presents the results of primary research with 40 survivors of the 2004 Indian Ocean tsunami in two communities: Khao Lak (n=20) and Koh Phi Phi Don (n=20), Thailand. It traces tsunami survivors' perceptions of vulnerability, determines whether residents felt that the tsunami affected different communities differently, identifies the populations and sub-community groups that survivors distinguished as being more vulnerable than others, highlights community-generated ideas about vulnerability reduction, and pinpoints a range of additional vulnerability reduction actions. Tsunami survivors most consistently identified the 'most vulnerable' community sub-populations as women, children, the elderly, foreigners, and the poor. In Khao Lak, however, respondents added 'Burmese migrants' to this list, whereas in Koh Phi Phi Don, they added 'Thai Muslims'. Results suggest that the two case study communities, both small, coastal, tourism-dominated communities no more than 100 kilometres apart, have differing vulnerable sub-groups and environmental vulnerabilities, requiring different post-disaster vulnerability reduction efforts.     

基于AHP-模糊数学法洪涝灾害风险评估

以常州市主城区为例,根据地理位置、气象环境以及人口经济等统计情况,采用AHP法对常州市洪涝灾害风险进行指标分层,将致灾因子、孕育环境、承灾体、防灾减灾能力作为一级指标,下辖历史灾情等12个二级指标以及26个三级指标,并采用模糊数学法对评价集合进行归一标准化处理,得出常州市洪涝灾害现处于低风险状态。同时,对风险主因进行了分析,为常州市洪涝灾害风险管控、灾害救援提供参考。     

煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害机理研究进展与展望

随着我国煤矿快速进入深部开采,煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害日渐成为威胁深部煤炭安全高效开采的重大灾害,研究其发生机理成为煤矿安全领域新的重大科学问题。本文首先在调研统计的基础上,阐述我国煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害的发生规律和主要破坏特征,从定性和初步定量研究角度对煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害机理的研究现状进行综述分析,然后介绍笔者近年来在受载含瓦斯煤岩组合体耦合失稳诱发复合动力灾害机制方面的研究进展,最后展望煤岩瓦斯复合动力灾害机理研究中亟待解决的问题及未来研究方向。     

极端温度下帐篷内部热环境适应性实验及模拟研究*

为揭示民用救灾帐篷热环境适应性变化规律,通过大尺度环境气候舱构建高温与低温环境,采用Ansys Fluent商用软件代码进行仿真验证,并对帐篷蓬围结构和内部热环境分布变化规律进行实验与数值模拟。研究结果表明:使用大尺度环境舱直接进行模拟帐篷内外热环境变化可行,其内部热环境变化规律与实验基本一致;帐篷特殊的篷围结构导致高温环境下帐篷内部温度高于外界,帐内人员头部和脚部温差可达5 ℃,低温环境下帐篷同一高度横向区域温度对称分布,在中心区域温度较低,边缘和中心温差近8 ℃。