城镇污水二级处理和再生水三级处理过程的雌激素活性变化

环境雌激素污染与野生动物性别比例和繁殖密切相关,是人体生殖功能紊乱、发育异常、心血管疾病和癌症发生等的重要因素之一。针对污水处理厂排水造成的环境雌激素污染,采用重组酵母菌方法研究大连、沈阳、哈尔滨和天津的5个典型城市污水厂和再生水厂水处理过程中雌激素活性的变化规律,分析二级处理和再生水厂三级处理对环境雌激素的削减效率。4个采用活性污泥法和紫外消毒工艺的污水厂出水的雌激素当量(EEQ)为0.5～1.5 ng·L~(-1)。再生水厂三级处理工艺的出水雌激素活性低于检测限(0.02 ng·L~(-1))。分级组分测试结果显示,污水雌激素活性主要由强极性组分和弱极性组分引起,紫外消毒后强极性组分雌激素活性升高。4个城市污水处理厂一级处理和活性污泥处理对环境雌激素的削减率为46%～81%,紫外消毒的削减率为5.2%～22%。某再生水厂混凝、微滤和反渗透对环境雌激素的削减率分别为63%、16%和98%。研究表明,活性污泥法二级处理排水回用仍造成一定程度环境雌激素污染,三级处理工艺可有效提高环境雌激素污染物削减率。     

优化混凝工艺及操作规范的研究与进展

水质的急剧恶化、科学技术的迅速发展与日趋严格的水质标准,对传统混凝工艺提出了严峻的挑战,同时也赋予其新的发展机遇.基于水源微污染现状和消毒副产物控制及安全供水的目标,针对性地提出优化混凝工艺及其操作规范成为目前推动水工业发展的重点所在.本文从评估体系、混凝剂优化、混凝过程优化、絮体结构形成优化以及系统优化控制等角度对优化混凝技术加以综合介绍,并进一步对若干主要研究进展与发展方向加以评述,以推动优化混凝工艺及操作规范的建立与发展.     

中试清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响

以枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢为目标微生物,以紫外线消毒后的炭滤池出水为进水,在中试清水池模型中模拟氯消毒过程,通过改变清水池导流板数目获得不同的水力条件,研究清水池水力条件对氯消毒效率的影响.结果表明,在本试验中,不同水力条件下以Ct10值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相互一致,而不同水力条件下以CT值计算的NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数之间相差很大,表明Ct10是评价清水池消毒效率的合理指标;在Ct10=(100~300)mg.min/L的范围内,NaClO对枯草杆菌黑色变种芽孢的灭活系数为0.0016 L/(mg.min),与其他研究者的结果具有很好的一致性;清水池水力条件的改善可以提高消毒效率,在CT=(100~700)mg.min/L的范围内,当CT值固定时,随着清水池内导流板数增多,水力条件得到改善,t10增加,目标菌种的灭活率显著提高.     

紫外线-氯联合高级氧化体系降解水中的萘普生

采用高级氧化(advanced oxidation processes, AOPs)技术去除水体中的药物及个人护理品(PPCPs)污染物,选取PPCPs中的典型物质萘普生(NPX)为研究对象,探讨了其在UV/氯体系中的降解特性。结果表明：在UV/氯体系中,NPX的降解遵循拟一级动力学模型。氯剂量越高,溶液pH越低,越有利于NPX的降解;不同水基质种类对UV/氯工艺降解NPX的效果有不同影响,HCO3-和HA的存在抑制了NPX的降解,而Cl-的存在明显促进了NPX的降解。UV/氯工艺是一种行之有效的处理PPCPs的技术,但与直接氯氧化相比,UV/氯工艺会有生成更多消毒副产物的风险,需要在实际应用中加以注意。     

臭氧混凝耦合体系中H2O2对溴酸盐生成的抑制效果及相关机理

探究了臭氧混凝耦合体系(hybrid ozonation-coagulation,HOC)中H₂O₂对溴酸盐消毒副产物(BrO₃⁻)的抑制效能,明确了BrO₃⁻的主要生成途径和H₂O₂对BrO₃⁻生成的抑制原理。结果表明,当n(H₂O₂):n(O₃)>0.5时,H₂O₂能有效延缓BrO₃⁻的生成。当臭氧投加量为4.5 mg·L⁻¹、n(H₂O₂):n(O₃)=2时,能有效的将BrO₃⁻生成量控制在0.01 mg·L⁻¹以下。通过对BrO₃⁻生成贡献率和Br⁻消耗动力学的分析,臭氧直接氧化是HOC工艺中BrO₃⁻生成的主要途径,贡献率维持在80%以上。在H₂O₂抑制条件下,•OH间接氧化贡献率有所提高,但臭氧直接氧化仍然是HOC工艺中BrO₃⁻生成的主要途径,贡献率在60%以上。在H₂O₂抑制条件下,Br⁻的消耗反应为先慢速后快速,前期慢速反应阶段Br⁻的氧化过程被抑制,后期快速反应阶段中残余H₂O₂的存在减少了体系中活性氧物质的浓度,进而有效抑制了BrO₃⁻的生成。     

氯胺消毒对三卤甲烷类消毒副产物的控制研究

在氯消毒研究的基础上,研究氯胺对消毒副产物的控制,将氯与氨氮的比值降至5,能够使单独氯消毒所生成消毒副产物减少89%,二溴一氯甲烷也不再检出;消毒副产物的生成量与氯胺的投加量呈很好的线性关系;接触时间对消毒副产物的生成量影响很小,24 h增加缓慢;pH升高至8消毒副产物的总量比pH为7时减少82.3%,一溴二氯甲烷不再检出;氯胺代替氯消毒能够很好地控制溴代消毒副产物种类和总量.     

Trihalomethane formation in ozonated and chlorinated surface water

The relatively recent discovery of disinfection by-products has driven the main regulatory organisms to set maximum contaminant levels for certain substances in drinking water. Trihalomethanes can be deemed as the most important group of by-products in chlorinated surface waters. The present work has focused on trihalomethane formation in a full-scale water treatment plant. We studied the effect of several factors, including ozonation, on trihalomethane levels in chlorinated treated water. The treatment scheme also includes an ozonation step. Electronic Publication     

Human health effects of residual carbon nanotubes and traditional water treatment chemicals in drinking water

The volume of industrial and domestic wastewater is increasing significantly year by year with the change in the lifestyle based on mass consumption and mass disposal brought about by the dramatic development of economies and industries. Therefore, effective advanced wastewater treatment is required because wastewater contains a variety of constituents such as particles, organic materials, and emulsion depending on the resource. However, residual chemicals that remain during the treatment of wastewaters form a variety of known and unknown by-products through reactions between the chemicals and some pollutants. Chronic exposure to these by-products or residual chemicals through the ingestion of drinking water, inhalation and dermal contact during regular indoor activities (e.g., showering, bathing, cooking) may pose cancer and non-cancer risks to human health. For example, residual aluminium salts in treated water may cause Alzheimer's disease (AD). As for carbon nanotubes (CNTs), despite their potential impacts on human health and the environment having been receiving more and more attention in the recent past, existing information on the toxicity of CNTs in drinking water is limited with many open questions. Furthermore, though general topics on the human health impacts of traditional water treatment chemicals have been studied, no comparative analysis has been done. Therefore, a qualitative comparison of the human health effects of both residual CNTs and traditional water treatment chemicals is given in this paper. In addition, it is also important to cover and compare the human health effects of CNTs to those of traditional water treatment chemicals together in one review because they are both used for water treatment and purification.     

多相芬顿-活性炭工艺强化饮用水消毒效果

为了考察多相芬顿-活性炭工艺对饮用水中微生物消毒效果的影响,采用中试对活性炭工艺与多相芬顿-活性炭工艺进行了对比研究。该中试对水中溶解性有机物(DOC)、总细菌16S rRNA、三磷酸腺苷(ATP)及胞外多聚物(EPS)含量与性质进行了分析。结果表明,多相芬顿-活性炭工艺能够将出水DOC浓度控制在(0.90±0.11) mg·L-1,并使得EPS减少83.2%,降低EPS中蛋白质/多糖(PN/PS)比值,其凝聚性明显下降,在相同氯浓度投加情况下水中微生物16S rRNA基因拷贝数去除量提高了3.5个对数量级,ATP浓度降低为0.016 nmol·L-1。因此,多相芬顿-活性炭工艺明显提高了对有机物的去除能力,显著降低EPS中蛋白质的含量,使得微生物凝聚性变差,微生物更加容易被消毒剂灭活,该工艺强化了饮用水消毒效果。     

紫外线消毒技术在污水处理中的应用

介绍了紫外消毒的机理、影响紫外消毒的因素以及紫外消毒装置的基本结构形式。阐述了紫外消毒的现状和应用前景 ,提出紫外消毒可能取代传统的化学消毒法 ,在污水处理 ,特别是回用水的处理中得到广泛的应用。