矿物超细颗粒的形成机制、结构特征及其环境行为和效应

矿物超细颗粒在自然环境中普遍存在,具有独特的环境行为和效应,对元素地球化学循环、污染物迁移转化和生态环境演变等有重要影响.矿物超细颗粒的环境行为和效应与其形成过程和结构特征密切相关.综述了物理、化学和生物过程驱动的矿物超细颗粒的形成机制,介绍了用于表征矿物超细颗粒结构特征的显微镜、光谱、质谱和同步辐射技术,分析了矿物超细颗粒在环境中的迁移转化及其与污染物的吸附、氧化还原和催化转化作用,总结了矿物超细颗粒的食物链积累、生物和生态毒性等环境效应,并对颗粒结晶路径、风险管控和微纳界面调控等重要研究方向进行了展望.超细颗粒是连接微观物质与宏观矿物晶体之间的桥梁,全面认识复杂基质中矿物颗粒的环境属性及其与污染物的微观作用机制,有助于指导矿物超细颗粒在环境污染修复中的应用,从而优化功能材料的设计,促进绿色低碳纳米技术的发展.     

苏南五市秋冬季PM2.5化学组成特征和空间差异

于2020年9月至2021年2月在苏南五市(南京、苏州、无锡、常州和镇江)收集PM_2.5滤膜样品,分析了各样品中的水溶性无机离子和碳质组分.结果表明,苏南五市PM_2.5各组分中ρ(NO₃^-)均为最高[(9.54±10.1)～(12.1±11.3)μg·m^-3],比其它目标组分高约2倍以上.由于受更多道路扬尘和燃煤源的影响,常州市PM_2.5中Ca²⁺、Cl^-、OC和EC的浓度平均值高于其它4个城市.将所有目标组分浓度相加得到重构PM_2.5(r PM_2.5)浓度,发现各城市r PM_2.5浓度均由二次无机离子(NH₄⁺、NO₃^-和SO₄^2-,SNA)主导,占比高达(59.2%±11.1%)～(70.8%±9.72%),且r ...     

采用络合萃取法从维生素B12发酵废液中回收丙酸

采用络合萃取法回收维生素B12发酵废液中的丙酸,确定了络合萃取的最佳工艺条件：以0．5mol／L的磷酸三丁酯(TBP)为络合剂,油水比(体积比)为1：2,常温下萃取30min。在最佳工艺条件下单级萃取率为56％左右,四级萃取率可达98％以上。络合萃取过程中使用的有机溶剂可反复使用,使成本大大降低。     

氧化镁脱硫结垢研究

对氧化镁脱硫法中的结垢问题进行了系统的研究 ,通过对比实验 ,分析了结垢的机理、氧化镁法在防止结垢方面所具有的优势及其原因 ,提出了实际中判断结垢倾向的方法和避免结垢的合理建议。     

循环冷却水处理中臭氧的杀菌作用

臭氧作为强氧化剂可以用于循环冷却水的处理中.试验研究了影响臭氧杀菌的基本因素,冷却水的pH和水温对处理效果基本没有影响.臭氧的杀菌能力取决于水中的剩余臭氧浓度,臭氧的消耗量与系统中的微生物数量有关.当水中剩余臭氧浓度为0.05mg/L和接触时间为14min时,可以使臭氧的灭菌力达99%.即在循环冷却水系统中,投加0.05mg/L臭氧,就可以控制系统中微生物的生长.由此确定了循环水处理过程中为控制系统中微生物的生长所需维持的最低臭氧浓度.     

南京市机动车排放VOCs的污染特征与健康风险评价

在南京富贵山隧道开展机动车排放的挥发性有机物(VOCs)对环境及人群健康的影响研究,对VOCs浓度水平与变化特征、组成与化学反应活性进行了分析,并通过美国环境保护局(US EPA)的健康风险评价模型对VOCs的健康风险进行了评价.结果表明,隧道进口与出口空气中共检测出93种物质,隧道进口处样品的总VOCs浓度(87.28±7.08)μg/m3;隧道出口处总VOCs浓度(225.63±59.19)μg/m3.隧道出口检测到的烷烃和芳香烃这两类物质浓度比进口浓度高.隧道进口与出口处的VOCs总臭氧生成潜势为101.48μg O3/m3和402.01μg O3/m3.健康风险评价结果表明,隧道进口处14种主要VOCs的非致癌风险危害商值(HQ)在8.07×10-5~2.66×10-1之间,而在隧道出口处的HQ范围为3.18×10-4~2.92×10-1.隧道进口与出口处的VOCs的非致癌风险危险指数(HI)均小于1,非致癌风险值在安全范围之内.但1,3-丁二烯、氯仿、四氯化碳、苯和1,1,2-三氯乙烷的致癌风险较大,对人体健康具有明显的影响.     

基于包扎法的石化乙烯装置挥发性有机物排放特征

装置泄露是石油炼化生产过程中重要的挥发性有机物(VOCs)无组织排放源.基于动态吹扫包扎法采样和预浓缩­­-GC/MS分析方法,对我国南方某石化企业乙烯生产过程中裂解装置的压缩、分离系统及芳烃抽提装置的泄漏组件进行了VOCs排放特征研究.结果表明:烷烃(49.7%~82.4%)含量最高,其次是烯烃(3.2%~35.7%)和芳香烃(5.5%~14.4%); 2-甲基戊烷、甲基环己烷、3-甲基己烷及2,3-二甲基丁烷在整个乙烯生产中都有重要比重.乙烯和反-2-丁烯是裂解装置的重要标志,而苯和甲苯是芳烃抽提装置的重要标志;臭氧生成潜势主要来自于烯烃,尤其是乙烯的贡献率最大,占总烯烃贡献的47.0%~73.0%.参考美国环保局推荐的Method-21,计算了轻液介质阀门的排放速率,获得其泄露排放速率与泄露浓度之间的定量关系为y=3×10^-7x^0.993(R²=0.788).     

A photolysis coefficient for characterizing the response of aqueous constituents to photolysis

UV photolysis and UV based advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) are gaining more and more attention for drinking water treatment. Quantum yield (ø) and molar absorption coefficient (ε) are the two critical parameters measuring the effectiveness of photolysis of a compound. The product of the two was proposed as a fundamental measure of a constituent’s amenability to transformation by photolysis. It was shown that this product, named the photolysis coefficient, k _p , can be determined using standard bench tests and captures the properties that govern a constituent’s transformation when exposed to light. The development showed the photolysis coefficient to be equally useful for microbiological, inorganic and organic constituents. Values of k _p calculated by the authors based on quantum yield and molar absorption coefficient data from the literature were summarized. Photolysis coefficients among microorganisms ranged from 8500 to more than 600000 and are far higher than for inorganic and organic compounds, which varied over a range of approximately 10 to 1000 and are much less sensitive to UV photolysis than the microorganisms.     

Key features of new particle formation events at background sites in China and their influence on cloud condensation nuclei

New particle formation (NPF) event at multi rural sites in China Identifying the characteristics of NPF event Comparing NPF event between clean and polluted conditions Quantifying contribution to the cloud condensation nuclei Implication of climate and air quality Long-term continuous measurements of particle number size distributions with mobility diameter sizes ranging from 3 to 800 nm were performed to study new particle formation (NPF) events at Shangdianzi (SDZ), Mt. Tai (TS), and Lin’an (LAN) stations representing the background atmospheric conditions in the North China Plain (NCP), Central East China (CEC), and Yangtze River Delta (YRD) regions, respectively. The mean formation rate of 3-nm particles was 6.3, 3.7, and 5.8 cm⁻³·s⁻¹, and the mean particle growth rate was 3.6, 6.0, and 6.2 nm·h⁻¹ at SDZ, TS, and LAN, respectively. The NPF event characteristics at the three sites indicate that there may be a stronger source of low volatile vapors and higher condensational sink of pre-existing particles in the YRD region. The formation rate of NPF events at these sites, as well as the condensation sink, is approximately 10 times higher than some results reported at rural/urban sites in western countries. However, the growth rates appear to be 1–2 times higher. Approximately 12%–17% of all NPF events with nucleated particles grow to a climate-relevant size (>50 nm). These kinds of NPF events were normally observed with higher growth rate than the other NPF cases. Generally, the cloud condensation nuclei (CCN) number concentration can be enhanced by approximately a factor of 2–6 on these event days. The mean value of the enhancement factor is lowest at LAN (2–3) and highest at SDZ (~4). NPF events have also been found to have greater impact on CCN production in China at the regional scale than in the other background sites worldwide.     

北京2010年10月一次典型灰霾过程光学特性分析

利用探空资料、NECP再分析资料、AERONET气溶胶反演资料等分析了北京地区一次典型灰霾天气过程的成因及气溶胶光学特性参数变化情况.结果表明:此次灰霾期间,稳定的环流形势、湿润的环境及逆温结构的存在是灰霾得以持续和发展的重要原因.灰霾期间AOD、PM2.5浓度逐渐增大,能见度逐渐降低,这可能与局地气溶胶的累积和相对湿度的增大有关,使气溶胶粒子的消光性增强.气溶胶的体积谱表现为双峰型结构,细粒子体积浓度峰值远大于粗粒子浓度峰值,且细粒子浓度峰值逐日增大,Angstrom波长指数在1.2~1.4之间,两参数均可表明此次灰霾过程的污染粒子以气溶胶细粒子为主;灰霾期间SSA逐日增大,表明气溶胶粒子的散射性逐渐增强,SSA随波长的变化主要呈现两种变化趋势,这与当日主控粒子的尺度有关.因气溶胶的作用,使到达地面的辐射通量减小.这些光学特性参量的变化为了解北京地区灰霾期间气溶胶特性及其气候效应提供了参考.