Epiphyte Biodiversity in the Coffee Agricultural Matrix: Canopy Stratification and Distance from Forest Fragments

Abstract: Quality of the agricultural matrix profoundly affects biodiversity and dispersal in agricultural areas. Vegetatively complex coffee agroecosystems maintain species richness at larger distances from the forest. Epiphytes colonize canopy trees and provide resources for birds and insects and thus effects of agricultural production on epiphytes may affect other species. We compared diversity, composition, and vertical stratification of epiphytes in a forest fragment and in two coffee farms differing in management intensity in southern Mexico. We also examined spatial distribution of epiphytes with respect to the forest fragment to examine quality of the two agricultural matrix types for epiphyte conservation. We sampled vascular epiphytes in a forest fragment, a shade polyculture farm, and a shade monoculture farm at 100 m, 200 m, and 400 m from the forest. Epiphyte and orchid richness was greater in the forest than in the monoculture but richness was similar in the forest and polyculture farm. Epiphyte species composition differed with habitat type, but not with distance from the forest. In the forest, epiphytes were distributed throughout tree canopies, but in the farms, epiphytes were primarily found on trunks and larger branches. Epiphyte richness and species similarity to forest species declined with distance from the forest fragment in the monoculture, but richness and similarity to forest species did not decline with distance from forest in the polyculture. This suggests polyculture coffee has greater conservation value. In contrast, monoculture coffee is likely a sink habitat for epiphytes dispersing from forests into coffee. Coffee farms differ from forests in terms of the habitat they provide and species composition, thus protecting forest fragments is essential for epiphyte conservation. Nonetheless, in agricultural landscapes, vegetatively complex coffee farms may contribute to conservation of epiphytes more than other agricultural land uses.     

Recruitment of Hornbill-Dispersed Trees in Hunted and Logged Forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya

Abstract:  Hunting of hornbills by tribal communities is widespread in logged foothill forests of the Indian Eastern Himalaya. We investigated whether the decline of hornbills has affected the dispersal and recruitment of 3 large-seeded tree species. We hypothesized that 2 low-fecundity tree species , Chisocheton paniculatus and Dysoxylum binectariferum (Meliaceae) bearing arillate fruits, are more dispersal limited than a prolifically fruiting drupaceous tree Polyalthia simiarum (Annonaceae), which has potential dispersers other than hornbills. We estimated the abundance of large avian frugivores during the fruiting season along transects in 2 protected and 2 disturbed forests. We compared recruitment of the tree species near (<10 m) and far (10–40 m) from parent trees at protected and disturbed sites. Median abundance of Great ( Buceros bicornis ), Wreathed ( Aceros undulatus ), and Oriental Pied Hornbills ( Anthracoceros albirostris ) were significantly lower in disturbed forests, but sites did not differ in abundances of the Mountain Imperial Pigeon ( Ducula badia ). Overall, tree species showed more severely depressed recruitment of seedlings (77% fewer) and juveniles (69% fewer) in disturbed than in protected forests. In disturbed forests, 93% fewer seedlings of C. paniculatus were beyond parental crowns, and a high number of all seedlings (42%) accumulated directly under reproductive adults. In contrast , D. binectariferum and P. simiarum were recruitment rather than dispersal limited, with fewer dispersed seedlings surviving in disturbed than in protected forests. Results are consistent with the idea that disturbance disrupts mutualisms between hornbills and some large-seeded food plants, with the caveat that role redundancy within even small and specialized disperser assemblages renders other tree species less vulnerable to loss of regular dispersal agents.     

饭岛伸子环境社会学思想浅析

饭岛伸子环境社会学思想体现在她对环境社会学对象与方法、环境问题的历史与现状、环境运动的意义与价值等问题的分析中。饭岛伸子环境社会学思想的价值在于它用社会学的视角观察环境问题,用社会学的方法寻求环境问题的解决路径。饭岛伸子环境社会学思想拓展了环境问题研究的空间,开辟了环境问题研究的领域,启发了人们对环境与社会、社会与环境关系的思考,深化和升华了全球化、工业化、城市化背景下人们对环境问题的认识。受环境社会学研究现状和研究者个人志趣、价值取向等因素的影响,饭岛伸子的环境社会学思想存在一定的局限。     

从“限塑令”说环保

在“白色污染”对地球所造成积重难返的危害的情况下，“限塑令”应运而生，并得以大力推广和奉行。“限塑令”督促着人们环保意识的提高与加强，而规划和倡导“公共环保”尚需多方面的共同努力。     

Coccolithophorids, Nutrients and the Greenhouse Effect

Despite the fact that coccolithophorids such as Emiliania huxleyi are suspected to play an important role in carbon-cycling, there are few data from which to deduce how these organisms may respond to CO₂-induced global warming. the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient physiology of these organisms, together with its interaction with photosynthesis, needs to be studied especially in connection with the selection for coccolith forming individuals and the quantity and quality of the CaCO₃ deposited in the coccoliths. Without such data, it will not be possible to model the contributions that these microalgae may play in arresting the increase in levels of atmospheric CO₂.     

基于酶化学计量法探究有机无机肥配施调控果园土壤微生物碳、磷代谢机制

土壤微生物的C、N、P养分需求和代谢限制与环境养分的有效性有着密切关系.然而,有机无机肥配施如何影响苹果园土壤微生物C、N、P代谢限制亟待进一步研究.因此,基于2008年建立的苹果园长期定位试验,应用土壤酶化学计量学理论与方法,系统研究有机无机肥配施对土壤C、N和P周转相关的酶活性（β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶,BG;β-1,4-N-乙酰基氨基葡萄糖苷酶,NAG;L-亮氨酸氨基肽酶,LAP;碱性磷酸酶,PHOS）及其化学计量特征的影响,并分析其与环境因子和微生物碳利用率之间的关系.试验共设4个处理,分别为不施肥（CK）、单施氮磷钾化肥（NPK）、单施有机肥（M）和化肥配施有机肥（MNPK）.结果表明：①在果树各生育期,施用有机肥处理（MNPK和M）的微生物量碳（microC）含量显著高于不施有机肥处理（CK和NPK）;微生物量氮（microN）含量,在萌芽期NPK、MNPK和M处理比CK处理分别增加了89%、269%和213%（P<0.05）.②CK处理在萌芽期有较高的叶片ω（N）和ω（P）（29.8 g ·kg^-1和2.17 g ·kg^-1）,并且仅果树萌芽期的叶片P含量与土壤有效磷（AP）含量呈显著负相关.③土壤酶化学计量分析的所有数据点均在1 ：1线以上,表现为微生物群落存在较强的P限制;果树生长期,矢量长度和角度的变化范围分别为0.56~0.79和59.3°~67.7°,且研究中矢量角度均>45°,也体现了微生物存在较强的磷限制.④RDA和随机森林模型分析结果表明,有机碳和速效氮（AN）是影响矢量长度的主要理化因子,AP、AN和土壤含水量是影响矢量角度的主要理化因子;SEM分析表明,AN和可溶性有机碳（DOC）直接影响microC和microN,AP直接影响microP和microN,DOC和AP直接影响矢量长度,AP和microN直接影响矢量角度;微生物碳利用率与矢量长度呈显著正相关,与矢量角度呈显著负相关.综上所述,有机无机肥配施通过影响果树不同生育期土壤碳和磷含量,调控微生物碳、磷代谢进而影响微生物碳利用率,为有机无机肥配施提升土壤质量、维持土壤健康提供科学依据.     

Relations between mercury fractions and microbial community components in seawater under the presence and absence of probable phosphorus limitation conditions

Microbial transformations of toxic monomethylmercury(MMHg) and dissolved gaseous mercury(DGM) at the lower levels of the marine food web are not well understood, especially in oligotrophic and phosphorus-limited seas. To examine the effects of probable phosphorus limitation(~PP-limitation) on relations between mercury(Hg) fractions and microorganisms, we determined the total mercury(THg), total methylated mercury(MeHg), DGM, and microbiological and chemical parameters in the Central Adriatic Sea. Using statistical analysis, we assessed the potential microbial effects on Hg transformations and bioaccumulation. Only in the absence of ~PP-limitation conditions(~(NO–P)P-limitation) is MeHg significantly related to most chemical and microbial parameters, indicating metabolism-dependent Hg transformations.The heterotrophic activity of low nucleic acid bacteria(abundant in oligotrophic regions)seems responsible for most of Hg methylation under ~(NO–P)P-limitation. Under these conditions,DGM is strongly related to microbial fractions and chlorophyll a, indicating biological DGM production, which is probably not metabolically induced, as most of these relations are also observed underPP-limitation. MMHg biomagnification was observed through an increased bioaccumulation factor from microseston to mesozooplankton. Our results indicate that Hgtransformations and uptake might be enhanced under ~(NO–P)P-limitation conditions, emphasizing their impact on the transfer of Hg to higher trophic levels.     

澜沧江硅藻的地理分布模式与关键驱动因素

硅藻作为重要的初级生产者,在水域生态系统中发挥重要作用,然而目前对于大型河流中硅藻的地理分布特征和驱动因素知之甚少.本文以我国西南地区典型大河澜沧江干流1200 km河段为研究区域,基于真核微生物高通量测序数据集,探究浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻在不同河段的分布特征和关键驱动因子.结果表明,澜沧江浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻的物种多样性在上游自然河段较高,两类硅藻的群落结构在不同河段间存在显著差异,建坝对两类硅藻的优势属相对丰度均产生显著影响.方差分解分析结果表明,扩散限制是浮游硅藻和底栖硅藻地理分布的主导驱动因子,解释率分别为16.7%和29.8%.共现网络分析结果表明,相比底栖硅藻,浮游硅藻的种间竞争关系和网络连通性较强;梯级库区段两类硅藻的网络连通性均高于上游自然河段.本研究补充了大型河流硅藻地理生态分布的认知不足,同时揭示了河流硅藻群落对水电开发的响应.     

中国湖泊细菌群落的生物地理分布格局及驱动机制——基于文献数据的统计分析

为阐明中国湖泊细菌群落的生物地理分布格局及驱动机制,基于已发表文献,收集了228个湖泊的浮游或沉积物细菌门水平分类数据和环境因子数据进行分析.结果表明:中国湖泊浮游细菌群落的优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,35.92%)、放线菌门(Actinobacteria,25.03%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,10.77%),沉积物中的优势类群为变形菌门(Proteobacteria,40.37%)、绿弯菌门(Chloroflexi,8.74%)和拟杆菌门(Bacteroidetes,8.55%).中国湖泊浮游细菌距离衰减程度显著低于沉积物细菌;湖泊细菌群落结构在北方、南方、青藏高原的空间差异显著,北方水体及沉积物中细菌的距离衰减模式均不显著,南方水体中显著但沉积物中不显著,青藏高原水体及沉积物中均显著.浮游细菌优势类群中除Proteobacteria外,Actinobacteria (南方>北方>青藏高原)和Bacteroidetes (青藏高原>北方>南方)的丰度在三个地区均具有显著差异;沉积物细菌优势类群Proteobacteria (北方>南方>青藏高原)、Chloroflexi (南方>北方>青藏高原)、Bacteroidetes (青藏高原>北方>南方)的丰度在三个地区均具有显著差异.影响北方湖泊浮游细菌群落分布的主要环境因子是溶解性有机碳,南方是溶解氧,青藏高原是硝酸盐氮;影响北方湖泊沉积物细菌群落分布的主要环境因子是总氮和pH值,南方是总磷,青藏高原是pH值.空间扩散限制与环境筛选作用共同塑造了中国湖泊细菌的生物地理分布格局.扩散限制对浮游细菌的影响小于沉积物细菌,对青藏高原湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最大,对北方湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最小;环境筛选作用对青藏高原湖泊浮游及沉积物细菌影响最大,对南方湖泊浮游细菌及北方湖泊沉积物细菌影响较小.