矿山恢复的过程及前期恢复时限分析

矿山恢复可分为前期和后期两个阶段,前期以水土保持为目标,后期以建立稳定的生态系统为目标。草本植被在前期恢复中具有显著的水土保持功效。不同区域草本植被恢复到特定盖度有明显的时间分异,所需时间与区域NPP(植被净第一性生产力)值呈负相关。根据前人所做工作,建立了盖度—T(时间)—NPP曲线,结合区域植被有效盖度,可为矿山前期恢复的时限制定提供依据。据估计,草本植被恢复到70%的盖度,热带林区大致需要3~5个月,亚热带常绿阔叶林带需要5~10个月,温带林区需要10~18个月,寒带针叶林带和温带草原则需要超过两年的时间。     

赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻抗氧化酶活性对氮磷比失衡的响应

超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)是浮游植物抗氧化酶系统的重要组成部分,可有效消除因环境胁迫产生的活性氧自由基对细胞的损伤。本文通过研究氮磷比失衡状态下赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻的生长及其SOD与CAT酶活性的变化,探索了赤潮物种抗氧化酶对氮磷比失衡的响应。研究表明:N和P限制不仅抑制了赤潮异弯藻和海洋卡盾藻的生长,而且显著提高了SOD与CAT酶活性。酶活性对营养盐失衡的响应随营养盐类型和藻类种类不同而有所差异:赤潮异弯藻对P限制最为敏感,其SOD和CAT酶活性在P限制下显著高于N限制;而N限制和P限制对海洋卡盾藻抗氧化酶活性的影响并无差异。抗氧化酶活性的调控能够有效降低氮磷比失衡对藻类细胞的生理损伤,有利于藻华的发生和规模的维持。     

设备本体缺陷导致袋式除尘器失效因素探析

叙述并分析了袋式除尘器失效主要是滤袋严重破损和设备阻力过高造成的,设备本体缺陷导致袋式除尘器失效的主要因素有进风方式、气流分布、本体结构、清灰装置、参数确定、制作和安装质量、操作和维护的规范程度等,同时提出了克服袋式除尘器本体缺陷的建议。     

Predicting the Range of Chinese Mitten Crabs in Europe

Abstract:  Ecological niche modeling provides a means for predicting the potential future distribution of a nonindigenous species based on environmental characteristics of the species' native range. We applied this method to the Chinese mitten crab (Eriocheir sinensis) , a catadromous crustacean with a long history of invasion in Europe. We used genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction to predict the potential European distribution of mitten crab based on its distribution in 42 locations in its native Asia. The climatic variables, air temperature, number of days, amount of precipitation, and wetness index, contributed significantly to predictions of native distribution limits. Although the genetic algorithm for rule-set prediction model was developed for the native range, the species' extensive distribution in Europe ( n = 434) allowed independent validation of the predictions. Application of the model to Europe was successful, with 84% of occurrences in regions predicted to be suitable by >80% of the models and <4% of occurrences in areas predicted suitable by <50% of the models (mainly along the northern range). At the watershed scale, areas with established mitten crab populations had significantly higher habitat matching than sites that were not invaded. The independent validation of the Asian-based model by the European distribution revealed that predictions were highly accurate. The model also identified large areas of Europe, particularly along the Mediterranean coast, as vulnerable to future invasion. These predictions can be used to develop strategies to control the spread of mitten crab by preventing introductions into vulnerable areas.     

Phylogeny of Collembola based on cuticular compounds:inherent usefulness and limitation of a character type

The phylogeny of Collembola, originally discussed from a morphological point of view, has more recently benefited from novel insights brought by molecular analyses. Both morphological and molecular characters produced a well-resolved phylogenetic hypothesis including all orders, most families, and a large number of genera. However, several conflicting points exist between molecular and morphological data, and new characters are clearly needed to resolve these inconsistencies. In this study the usefulness of a new character type not previously used in the phylogenetic study of Collembola was tested: the epicuticular chemical compounds. Our phylogenetic analysis was based on 380 compounds from 26 Collembola species. The results show good resolution for terminal branches but not for internal nodes. This is probably due to the partial involvement of epicuticular lipids in ecological functions such as water conservation and sexual attraction. Thus, this character type is appropriate for reconstructing phylogenetic relationships among recently diversified groups. Electronic supplementary material  The online version of this article (doi:) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.     

环境公益诉讼立法问题研究

随着社会生产力的飞速发展,环境问题日益突出。环境公益诉讼是解决环境问题,保护国家、社会和公众环境权益的基本形式和有效途径,也是最后屏障。从国内一起环境公益诉讼案件出发,借鉴国外特别是美国环境公益诉讼的经验,提出了建立我国环境公益诉讼制度的若干立法建议,旨在探索一条落实科学发展观的环境保护新思路。     

Alkaline phosphatase activity in the phosphorus-limited southern Chinese coastal waters

Three fractions of alkaline phosphatase activity(APA), including phytoplankton APA(phyto-APA), bacterial APA(bact-APA), and free-APA, were examined in the sea surface microlayer(SML) and the subsurface water(SSW) from Daya Bay, Guishan Island, and Guanghai Bay of southern China. Relationships between APA and environmental parameters were analyzed. The growth of phytoplankton was significantly limited by dissolved inorganic phosphorus(DIP) in the three sea areas, especially in Daya Bay. TotalAPA ranged between 1.41 and 35.26 nmol/L/hr, and the highest value was found in Daya Bay. The increased APA in Daya Bay was the result of the increase of phytoplankton biomass and the response of phytoplankton to P limitation. Phyto-APA was the main contributor in Daya Bay, while phyto-and free-APA co-dominated in Guishan Island and Guanghai Bay. Bact-, phyto-, and total-APA showed a significant inverse power function relationship with DIP, and 0.2 μmol/L was the threshold for DIP on particulates and totalAPA. Pearson correlation analysis suggested that DIP limitation together with high N levels enhanced APA. High water temperature and freshwater input accelerated APA as well.Principal component analysis clearly separated samples from the three sea areas, as well as from the SML and the SSW, which indicated the differences in environmental parameters and APA levels. Our results highlight the influence of phosphorus limitation and environmental parameters on APA.     

Interpreting beta‐diversity components over time to conserve metacommunities in highly dynamic ecosystems

The concept of metacommunity (i.e., a set of local communities linked by dispersal) has gained great popularity among community ecologists. However, metacommunity research mostly addresses questions on spatial patterns of biodiversity at the regional scale, whereas conservation planning requires quantifying temporal variation in those metacommunities and the contributions that individual (local) sites make to regional dynamics. We propose that recent advances in diversity‐partitioning methods may allow for a better understanding of metacommunity dynamics and the identification of keystone sites. We used time series of the 2 components of beta diversity (richness and replacement) and the contributions of local sites to these components to examine which sites controlled source‐sink dynamics in a highly dynamic model system (an intermittent river). The relative importance of the richness and replacement components of beta diversity fluctuated over time, and sample aggregation led to underestimation of beta diversity by up to 35%. Our literature review revealed that research on intermittent rivers would benefit greatly from examination of beta‐diversity components over time. Adequately appraising spatiotemporal variability in community composition and identifying sites that are pivotal for maintaining biodiversity at the landscape scale are key needs for conservation prioritization and planning. Thus, our framework may be used to guide conservation actions in highly dynamic ecosystems when time‐series data describing biodiversity across sites connected by dispersal are available.