超声雾化性能的试验研究与回归分析

分析了煤矿井下呼吸性粉尘防治技术现状 ,重点介绍了水的超声雾化技术 ,并对其雾化性能进行了试验研究 ,最后应用回归分析建立了超声雾化性能的数学模型     

耕作方式对农田黑土有机碳库和酶化学计量特征的影响

为探究耕作方式对农田黑土有机碳库及胞外酶化学计量特征的影响. 依托连续6 a田间耕作定位试验,研究传统耕作（CT）、免耕秸秆覆盖（NTS）、深松秸秆条带覆盖（STS）和深翻秸秆还田（MPS）对0~40 cm土层土壤活性有机碳组分、有机碳库、酶活性和酶计量特征的影响. 结果表明,与CT处理相比,NTS、STS和MPS处理显著提高0~40 cm土层易氧化有机碳（EOC）、颗粒有机碳（POC）、有机碳（SOC）含量、碳库指数（CPI）和碳库管理指数（CPMI）,提高幅度分别为7.55%~19.81%、31.75%~59.05%、6.19%~21.42%、7.00%~20.00%和6.45%~19.67%,其中NTS处理增幅最大. MPS较其他处理显著增加β-1,4-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）和亮氨酸氨基肽酶（LAP）活性,增幅分别为37.66%~47.38%和9.57%~23.93%,此外STS和MPS酸性磷酸酶（ACP）活性较CT和NTS处理提高9.51%~15.18%. STS和MPS处理显著提高0~10 cm土层矢量角度（VA）和0~20 cm土层矢量长度（VL）,降低20~40 cm土层VL和VA. 冗余分析表明活性有机碳组分和有机碳库是影响酶化学计量特征的主要因子. 研究结果为评估长期保护性耕作对土壤有机碳周转和微生物养分利用的影响具有重要意义.     

秦岭不同海拔土壤团聚体稳定性及其与土壤酶活性的耦合关系

为探究土壤团聚体稳定性在海拔上的变化规律及其影响因子,在太白山选取3个不同海拔的0~10 cm表层土壤为对象,测定并分析其土壤团聚体分布、土壤理化性质、微生物量和胞外酶等相关因子的变化特征.结果表明：①土壤团聚体平均重量直径（MWD）在锐齿栎林、辽东栎林和红桦林这3个海拔梯度上的值分别为2.17 mm、1.83 mm和1.82 mm;几何平均直径（GMD）分别为1.66 mm、1.39 mm和1.32 mm,表明土壤团聚体稳定性随海拔的上升而减弱;②土壤团聚体稳定性在海拔上的变化主要受到了土壤胞外酶活性的影响,其中,中团聚体的乙酰氨基葡萄糖酶（NAG）和微团聚体的β-葡萄糖苷酶（BG）是主要影响因子;③微生物通过调节胞外酶的相对产量和改变元素利用效率使高海拔的N限制状况得以改善,也会影响土壤团聚体稳定性在海拔上的变化.本研究结果对于太白山森林生态系统的土壤质量评价和生态环境的保护具有重要意义.     

Functional nonredundancy of elephants in a disturbed tropical forest

Conservation efforts are often motivated by the threat of global extinction. Yet if conservationists had more information suggesting that extirpation of individual species could lead to undesirable ecological effects, they might more frequently attempt to protect or restore such species across their ranges even if they were not globally endangered. Scientists have seldom measured or quantitatively predicted the functional consequences of species loss, even for large, extinction‐prone species that theory suggests should be functionally unique. We measured the contribution of Asian elephants (Elephas maximus) to the dispersal of 3 large‐fruited species in a disturbed tropical moist forest and predicted the extent to which alternative dispersers could compensate for elephants in their absence. We created an empirical probability model with data on frugivory and seed dispersal from Buxa Tiger Reserve, India. These data were used to estimate the proportion of seeds consumed by elephants and other frugivores that survive handling and density‐dependent processes (Janzen‐Connell effects and conspecific intradung competition) and germinate. Without compensation, the number of seeds dispersed and surviving density‐dependent effects decreased 26% (Artocarpus chaplasha), 42% (Careya arborea), and 72% (Dillenia indica) when elephants were absent from the ecosystem. Compensatory fruit removal by other animals substantially ameliorated these losses. For instance, reductions in successful dispersal of D. indica were as low as 23% when gaur (Bos gaurus) persisted, but median dispersal distance still declined from 30% (C. arborea) to 90% (A. chaplasha) without elephants. Our results support the theory that the largest animal species in an ecosystem have nonredundant ecological functionality and that their extirpation is likely to lead to the deterioration of ecosystem processes such as seed dispersal. This effect is likely accentuated by the overall defaunation of many tropical systems.     

Coccolithophorids,Nutrients and the Greenhouse Effect

Despite the fact that coccolithophorids such as Emiliania huxleyi are suspected to play an important role in carbon-cycling, there are few data from which to deduce how these organisms may respond to CO₂-induced global warming. the nitrogen and phosphorus nutrient physiology of these organisms, together with its interaction with photosynthesis, needs to be studied especially in connection with the selection for coccolith forming individuals and the quantity and quality of the CaCO₃ deposited in the coccoliths. Without such data, it will not be possible to model the contributions that these microalgae may play in arresting the increase in levels of atmospheric CO₂.     

Modeling individual and population dynamics in a consumer–resource system: Behavior under food limitation and crowding and the effect on population cycling in Daphnia

In population modeling, a considerable level of complexity is often required to provide trustworthy results, comparable with field observations. By assuring sufficient detail at the individual level while preserving the potential to explore the consequences at higher levels, individual-based modeling may thus provide a useful tool to investigate dynamics at different levels of organization. Still, population dynamics resulting from such models are often at odds with observations from the field. This may be partly caused by a lack of focus on the individual dynamics under conditions of food stress and starvation. I developed a physiologically structured, individual-based simulation model to investigate life history of Daphnia and its effect on population dynamics in response to the productivity of the system. In verifying model behavior with available literature data on life history and physiology, I paid special attention to the dynamics of food intake and the verification of individual level results under conditions of food limitation and starvation. I show that the maximum filtering rates under low food levels used in the current model are much closer to measured filtering rates than the ones used in other models. Being consistent with results on physiology and life history from experiments at a wide range of food availability (including starvation), the model generates low amplitude or high amplitude population density cycles depending on the productivity of the system, as observed in field and experimental populations of Daphnia and with the minimum population densities being one to two orders of magnitude lower in the high amplitude than in the low amplitude cycles. To generate results which are not only qualitatively but also quantitatively comparable to experimental and field observations, however, a crowding effect on the filtering response has to be incorporated in the model.     

Use of trace element analysis of feathers as a tool to track fine-scale dispersal in birds

Tracking dispersal and migratory movements of animals over small and large spatial scales is a challenge. In birds, a promising yet underutilized tool is the trace elemental composition of feathers. The elemental profile of a feather may reveal information about the geographic origin of a bird provided that molting occurs on the breeding grounds and that elemental differences exist between breeding areas. Here, we explore the use of trace elemental composition in body feathers of the Puget Sound white-crowned sparrow Zonotrichia leucophrys pugetensis as a tool (1) to discriminate among birds collected in four different song dialect populations along a 400-km stretch of the Pacific Northwest coast and (2) to assign males singing nonlocal dialects in one population to potential natal populations. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry detected 34 trace elements in sampled feathers and in a discriminant function analysis seven of these elements differed among the four source populations. Half of the six nonlocal dialect singers, who were likely to have immigrated into the focal population, were assigned to a population that matched their song dialect. Our study suggests that feather microchemistry is a promising tool for identifying geographic origins of dispersing birds over small geographic scales and in combination with other markers, such as song, may give insight into ecological and evolutionary processes.     

Improvements in anisotropic models of single tree effects in Cartesian coordinates

For anisotropic density functions of e.g. fruit or leaf dispersal, most mathematical research is only done in polar coordinates. However, in software solutions aiming to derive inverse models for real world dispersal data, Cartesian coordinates may be preferred for several reasons. Thus, we introduce an anisotropic model in Cartesian coordinates following the approach in Wälder et al. (2009) with the von Mises approach. By introducing a correction factor, we thereby consider the fundamental attribute, that the integral over a density function with respect to the Cartesian coordinates has to be equal 1. It may have been overlooked so far that guaranteeing for this attribute needs different approaches whether working in polar or Cartesian coordinates. One result is that our approach can be used also for other anisotropic models rather than models from the von Mises approach.     

Sperm allocation in relation to male traits, female size, and copulation behaviour in freshwater crayfish species

Sperm competition is a well-recognised agent in the evolution of sperm and ejaculate structure, as well as variation in female quality. Models of the evolution of ejaculate expenditure predict that male body condition, female fecundity and the risk and intensity of sperm competition may be the ultimate factors shaping optimal ejaculate size. We investigated sperm allocation in Austropotamobius italicus, a freshwater crayfish exhibiting a coercive mating system and external fertilisation, in relation to male and female traits and copulation behaviour under laboratory conditions. We found that mating males were sensitive to female size and produced larger ejaculates when mating with larger females, which were more fecund in terms of number of eggs produced. We found no evidence for female egg production being sperm-limited, as the number of eggs was not dependent on male sperm expenditure. Copulation duration and number of ejaculations reliably predicted the amount of sperm transferred, and both these behavioural measures positively covaried with female body size. These results indicate that male freshwater crayfish can modulate their sperm expenditure in accordance with cues that indicate female fecundity. In addition, a novel finding that emerged from this study is the decrease in sperm expenditure with male body size, which may either suggest that large, old male crayfish are better able than small males to economise sperm at a given mating to perform multiple matings during a reproductive season, or that they experience senescence of their reproductive performance.