曝气生物滤池内的自养反硝化作用

采用多孔介质——火山岩为载体的上向流曝气生物滤池(BAF),研究了限制供氧条件下,无有机碳源时反应器的硝化反硝化特性.结果表明,在 10～30℃范围内,20℃为临界点,低于20℃时,硝化速率缓慢;高于 20℃后,硝化速率加快.温度从 20℃升高到 30℃,硝化速率增长仅为10%,这一特性与悬浮生长反应器内温度对硝化速率的影响完全不同.此外,稳定运行的 BAF 内存在大量氮流失现象,分析认为,限制供氧和无有机碳源时,生物膜内发生了以 Anammox反应为主的自养反硝化作用,大量的氮以 N₂的形式流失.     

炸药爆炸条件下钚气溶胶扩散研究综述

对炸药爆炸条件下,钚气溶胶扩散研究中的源项特性和扩散模型进行了总结,并对扩散模型的特点进行了评述和对比.根据事故应急响应要求对扩散计算模型的选择进行了相关讨论,同时提出钚气溶胶扩散研究中值得关注的问题.     

Importance of Sediment–Water Interactions in Coeur d’Alene Lake,Idaho, USA: Management Implications

A field study at Coeur dAlene Lake, Idaho, USA, was conducted between October 1998 and August 2001 to examine the potential importance of sediment–water interactions on contaminant transport and to provide the first direct measurements of the benthic flux of dissolved solutes of environmental concern in this lake. Because of potential ecological effects, dissolved zinc and orthophosphate were the solutes of primary interest. Results from deployments of an in situ flux chamber indicated that benthic fluxes of dissolved Zn and orthophosphate were comparable in magnitude to riverine inputs. Tracer analyses and benthic-community metrics provided evidence that solute benthic flux were diffusion-controlled at the flux-chamber deployment sites. That is, effects of biomixing (or bioturbation) and ground-water interactions did not strongly influence benthic flux. Remediation efforts in the river might not produce desired water-quality effects in the lake because imposed shifts in concentration gradients near the sediment–water interface would generate a benthic feedback response. Therefore, development of water-quality models to justify remediation strategies requires consideration of contaminant flux between the water column and underlying sediment in basins that have been affected by long-term (decadal) anthropogenic activities.     

淀山湖浮游植物营养限制因子的研究

通过藻类增长的生物学评价(Nutrient Enrichment Bioassay)研究淀山湖浮游植物生长限制性因子,并采用析因方差分析和事后比较方法分析营养盐（PO^3-₄P、NH₃N、NO^-₃N）对浮游植物生长速度、平均最大现存量和平均最大特定增长率的影响。研究表明：磷对浮游植物生长有明显的促进作用,能提高浮游植物的生长速度和现存量,且促进作用随磷浓度（0.13～0.53 mg/L）的增加而加强,磷是淀山湖浮游植物增长的第一限制性因子;低浓度硝氮（2.91～5.91 mg/L）对浮游植物生长有微小的促进作用,但高浓度（5.91～8.91 mg/L）的硝氮表现出抑制作用;氨氮对浮游植物生长有抑制作用,并随浓度（1.25～7.25 mg/L）的增加而增大;添加磷+硝氮能明显促进浮游植物生长,磷与硝氮之间存在一定的交互作用.     

Dispersal of Land Snails of the Genus Xeropicta Monterosato, 1892 (Gastropoda; Pulmonata; Hygromiidae)

Data on the parameters of migration of two land snails of the genus Xeropicta are presented. In relatively homogeneous habitats, the locomotor activity of these mollusks is relatively high: they can travel for up to 300 cm per day, with neither the phenotype nor size of the shell having any significant influence on the level of dispersal. The snails prefer to travel westward and southward, but the distances covered by individuals moving in different directions are similar. No connection between the directions or distances of movement on two successive days has been observed.     

抚顺市空气污染预报方案筛选

空气污染预报的准确性取决于大气污染物扩散模型的选取和预报方案的设计。本文以经过验证的ADMS-大气污染物扩散模型为基础。设计了四种预报方案。并对四种方案的预报准确性进行检验，从而筛选出了适用于抚顺市空气污染特点的最佳预报方案。     

在中国发展环境会计的局限性分析

建立和发展环境会计是中国贯彻可持续发展战略的必然选择和重要保障.环境会计产生并形成于西方国家,目前中国尚未形成适合中国国情的环境会计体系,环境会计的研究在中国仍处于理论探讨阶段,无法在实践中运用.环境会计研究需要在引进西方国家研究成果的基础上不断的自我创新,自我完善.因此应该结合中国的国情和环境会计的学科特点,从环境会计产生的理论基础,传统会计的局限性,企业对环境责任履行不足三个方面分析环境会计在中国的发展创新受到限制的原因.只有正视这些阻碍环境会计在中国发展的局限性,环境会计才能在理论上进一步完善,在实践中真正运用.     

Spatial,temporal, and environmental limits on xanthotoxin induction in wild parsnip foliage

Summary Although present constitutively in large amounts, furanocoumarins in leaves of wild parsnip,Pastinaca sativa, are inducible to even higher concentrations by mechanical and insect damage. We conducted several experiments in order to characterize the nature and extent of xanthotoxin inducibility inP. sativa foliage. In order to determine the extent to which induction is localized, we mechanically damaged a single leaflet of a compound leaf on seven plants. Xanthotoxin concentrations increased significantly only in the damaged leaflet and in the half of the terminal leaflet closest to the damaged leaflet; thus, xanthotoxin induction is localized to the immediate vicinity of damage. To determine whether xanthotoxin induction results fromin situ biosynthesis or translocation from other plant parts, we detached individual leaflets from ten plants, damaged half of these detached leaflets, and compared xanthotoxin concentrations after 6 h in damaged and intact leaflets. We found that xanthotoxin concentrations increased 41% in damaged leaflets compared to detached leaflets that were not damaged. We also determined the rapidity and duration of the induction response. In leaflets that were damaged and then harvested after 0, 3, 24, 72, 120 and 168 h, xanthotoxin concentrations increased rapidly compared to undamaged leaflets on the opposite side of the leaf, reaching maximum levels within 24 h. This response was of comparatively short duration; concentrations declined to preinduction levels after seven days. To determine whether availability of resources influences the induced response, we performed two experiments, one in which soil nutrients were manipulated and one in which light level was manipulated. The low nutrient treatment was sufficiently extreme to cause cessation of aboveground growth, and the low light treatment caused etiolation. Extremes of resource limitation notwithstanding, leaflets significantly increased xanthotoxin production (2 to 3-fold increase under nutrient limitation and 3-fold increase under light limitation) in response to damage in both experiments.     

To breed or not to breed—food competition and other factors involved in female breeding decisions in the pair-living nocturnal fork-marked lemur (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Phaner furcifer</Emphasis>)

Differential access to food resources is thought to be the main determinant of differences in female reproductive success but is poorly studied in both pair-living and nocturnal primates. The modes of food competition within and between families were investigated following the principles proposed by the ecological model using 3 years of field data from seven fork-marked lemur (Phaner furcifer) families. The major food resources were identified from year-round feeding observations and the strength and mode of competition were inferred from differences in physical condition. The most important food resource of fork-marked lemurs were tree exudates which occurred in small, defendable food patches, characterized by fast depletion and rapid renewal. These characteristics led to strong within-group contest and scramble competition, which were found to yield a positive dominance effect and a negative group-size effect on female net energy gain. Differential physical condition, however, did not translate directly into differential reproductive success. Low female fertility was best predicted by large family size associated with delayed dispersal by previous offspring. Although there is no obvious benefit from full-grown offspring in their territory, adults tolerate delayed natal dispersal, probably because dispersal poses extraordinary costs for the offspring. These costs are likely to accrue from decreased foraging efficiency in unfamiliar habitats because exudate feeding requires very rigid feeding itineraries. In conclusion, the presented evidence for group-size effects on reproductive success in pair-living females opens a new area for research on the costs and benefits of delayed dispersal and female reproductive decisions.This revised version was published in September 2003 with corrections to the Authors Present address.An erratum to this article can be found at Communicated by E.H.M. Sterck     

Mate choice in the brown thornbill (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Acanthiza pusilla</Emphasis>): are settlement decisions,divorce and extrapair mating complementary strategies?

In socially monogamous birds, females may express mate preferences when they first select a breeding partner, through divorce and subsequent breeding dispersal to a new partner and through extrapair mating. We examined settlement patterns, divorce and breeding dispersal in a sedentary Australian passerine, the brown thornbill (Acanthiza pusilla), in relation to two traits known to influence extrapair paternity (male age and male size). Settlement decisions, divorce and territory switching behaviour were all female strategies that reduced their likelihood of breeding with 1-year-old males. Females preferred to settle in territories with 2+ -year-old males, were more likely to divorce 1-year-old males, and only switched territories if they had an opportunity to form a new pair bond with an old male. In contrast, female settlement and divorce decisions were not influenced by male size. Female thornbills obtain a direct benefit from preferring older males as social mates because breeding success improves with male age in brown thornbills. Nevertheless, divorce rates in this species were low (14% of pair bonds were terminated by divorce), and individuals rarely switched territories following the death of a mate. Both of these mating strategies appeared to be primarily constrained by the distance adults moved to initiate a new pair bond (1–2 territories) and by the limited availability of unpaired older males in the immediate neighbourhood.Communicated by M. Webster