Numerical investigation of powder aerosolization in a mining rock dust dispersion chamber

We have conducted numerical simulations of dust dispersion within the NIOSH Rock Dust Dispersion Chamber. The apparatus consists of a low-speed background ventilation flow down a long box in which is placed a tray containing a rock dust powder. A nozzle upstream of the tray introduces a short pulse of a turbulent horizontal jet flow just above the powder surface. We have utilized an incompressible Reynolds-Averaged Navier-Stokes k-ω model for the turbulent flow; particles are incorporated within a one-way Euler-Lagrangian formalism. The Rock Dust Dispersion Chamber ventilation flow exhibits a recirculation zone just above the powder-containing tray. Aerosolization proceeds via the interplay of the jet pulse flow with the background recirculation flow. The air flow is not well-mixed. The aerosolized dust is convected as a concentration cloud downstream towards the detection zone. For larger particles, gravitational settling depletes the convected cloud, so the instrument behaves as a horizontal elutriator. The instrument is robust with respect to misalignment of the jet nozzle. However, reduced streamwise drift velocity allows mixing to disperse the optically detected dust cloud concentration pulse. Our large particle simulation results compare favorably with published experimental results for large, polydisperse calcium carbonate rock dust.     

Study into influence of different types of igniters on the explosion parameters of dispersed nitrocellulose powder

Nitrocellulose is a flammable compound produced by cellulose nitration. The nitrocellulose production and handling are associated with a risk of fire and explosion. Nitrocellulose is used as either collodion cotton (<12.5% N) or as an explosive (>12.5% N). Nitrocellulose is a fibrous or powdered substance and may detonate or burn upon certain conditions. The article compares the combustion parameters of dry nitrocellulose in the KV-150M2-UIBE explosion chamber at the concentrations of 250, 500 and 750 g m⁻³. To ignite a nitrocellulose sample, six different types of igniters were used. A commercially available 5 kJ pyrotechnic igniter was used as the standard. Also used were a nitrocellulose igniter, a pyrotechnic igniter with magnesium powder and KNO₃/KClO₃, and an exploding wire (Kanthal and tungsten wire). The examined igniters were found to affect the explosion parameters of dispersed nitrocellulose. The deviation of the explosion constant K_st reached 50% of the standard value. The highest pressure of 12.73 bar g was reached at a concentration of 750 g m⁻³ and an igniter exploding wire with Kanthal wire. The highest K_st value of 287.9 bar.m.s⁻¹ was achieved at a concentration of 750 g m⁻³, when using the pyrotechnic igniter with KClO₃ and magnesium powder.     

有机粘土疏水性吸附过程的分子模拟:烷基碳原子数和有机物logK_(ow)的影响

基于从分子尺度上解析改性剂烷基碳原子数和有机物疏水性对有机粘土吸附能力的影响机制,以从头算的量子化学计算方法(MP2/6-31g(d))模拟了有机粘土在水溶液中的吸附过程.通过计算吸附前后几何构型、能量、化学键和电荷分布等参数的变化,分析了影响有机粘土疏水性吸附的关键因素,并对疏水性吸附作用力的化学本质进行了初步探讨.计算结果表明,烷基碳原子数增加对提高有机物吸附能的作用并不显著,长链烷基提高有机粘土吸附容量的真正原因在于其可提供更多的有机物吸附位.有机物的疏水性(以正辛醇-水分配系数logKow表征)是影响疏水性吸附过程的关键因子,水分子的引力作用对疏水性吸附具有决定性影响,理论上解释了普遍存在的有机物吸附量与logKow呈正相关的实验现象.疏水性吸附力的作用前提是有机物为疏水性,即当水分子的引力作用较弱时疏水性作用力才可以表现出来;而对于亲水性有机物,疏水性吸附力会被水分子的引力所抵消,吸附强度减弱.模拟红外光谱和电荷分布结果表明,吸附前后无化学键断裂和电子得失的发生,只有原子电荷密度的微小变化,据此推测疏水性吸附力以分子间弱相互作用力——London色散力为主.     

高分散MnOx/SAPO-34催化剂的制备及其低温NH3选择性催化还原NO性能

采用改进的溶胶-凝胶法制备一系列MnO_x/SAPO-34催化剂,考察了各制备参数对催化剂的结构及其低温氨选择性催化还原(NH_3-SCR)脱硝性能的影响,并通过X射线衍射、N_2吸附-脱附、透射电镜、X射线光电子能谱、NH_3程序升温脱附等手段对催化剂进行表征.结果表明,当制备参数为n(乙醇)/n(Mn)=15,n(H_2O)/n(Mn)=20,n(柠檬酸)/n(Mn)=1,Mn负载量为15%(质量分数),催化剂焙烧温度为350℃时,制备的高分散15%-MnO_x/SAPO-34-350℃催化剂具有最佳的低温SCR活性,在空速为45000 h~(-1)的条件下,且反应温度在120～240℃范围时均保持90%以上的NO转化率和接近100%的N_2选择性.MnO_x纳米颗粒高度分散在SAPO-34载体表面,平均粒径约为5.46 nm,纳米颗粒的表面效应使得该催化剂具备较大的比表面积,暴露出大量的活性位点和高活性的MnO_2(110)晶面,同时,高Mn~(4+)比例和更多的化学吸附氧以及适宜的表面酸强度和酸量也是15%-MnO_x/SAPO-34-350℃催化剂呈现最佳低温SCR活性的重要原因.     

WRF-Fluent耦合模式的构建及其对城市大气扩散的精细化模拟

为了准确刻画城市环境中的复杂建筑结构对大气运动和污染物输送及扩散过程的影响,结合中尺度模式WRF和微尺度模式Fluent构建了单向耦合的WRF-Fluent模式,并将其应用于榆中县城区高架源排放情景下大气扩散的模拟研究.基于城市气象/示踪外场试验期间获取的气象数据对WRF模式的模拟性能进行验证,发现WRF能够为Fluent提供比较准确的随时间变化的气象驱动场.在此基础上,将榆中县城区三维几何模型嵌入到WRF-Fluent中,对城区内的流场及污染烟羽的时空演变过程进行精细化模拟,并将模拟结果与实测示踪物浓度数据进行比对.结果显示,WRF-Fluent模式可以很好地描述城区内的复杂三维风场结构以及污染烟羽随时间的动态变化特征,而且模拟的地面和城市冠层顶浓度最大值基本位于观测值的0.3~3倍之内,这表明构建的WRF-Fluent模式具有较好的模拟性能,可作为一种有效的工具应用于实际城市规划和空气质量改善以及环境风险评估等方面的研究.     

大直径薄壁半环拉伸模具的设计

分析半环件的成形规律,制定加工工艺方案,对毛坯展开料、模具的几个主要参数、拉伸零件所需冲床规格进行了计算。     

A stochastic-advective transport model for NAPL dissolution and degradation in non-uniform flows in porous media

Remediation schemes for contaminated sites are often evaluated to assess their potential for source zone reduction of mass, or treatment of the contaminant between the source and a control plane (CP) to achieve regulatory limits. In this study, we utilize a stochastic stream tube model to explain the behavior of breakthrough curves (BTCs) across a CP. At the local scale, mass dissolution at the source is combined with an advection model with first-order decay for the dissolved plume. Field-scale averaging is then employed to account for spatial variation in mass within the source zone, and variation in the velocity field. Under the assumption of instantaneous mass transfer from the source to the moving liquid, semi-analytical expressions for the BTC and temporal moments are developed, followed by derivation of expressions for effective velocity, dispersion, and degradation coefficients using the method of moments. It is found that degradation strongly influences the behavior of moments and the effective parameters. While increased heterogeneity in the velocity field results in increased dispersion, degradation causes the center of mass of the plume to shift to earlier times, and reduces the dispersion of the BTC by lowering the concentrations in the tail. Modified definitions of effective parameters are presented for degrading solutes to account for the normalization constant (zeroth moment) that keeps changing with time or distance to the CP. It is shown that anomalous dispersion can result for high degradation rates combined with wide variation in velocity fluctuations. Implications of model results on estimating cleanup times and fulfillment of regulatory limits are discussed. Relating mass removal at the source to flux reductions past a control plane is confounded by many factors. Increased heterogeneity in velocity fields causes mass fluxes past a control plane to persist, however, aggressive remediation between the source and CP can reduce these fluxes.     

影响街区峡谷浓度扩散的因素

对街区峡谷内污染扩散规律的研究是城市空气质量预测的主要内容之一。应用现代流体力学数值模拟方法进行大量算例的计算和分析,研究了城市街区峡谷污染物二维扩散的规律。在分析二维街区峡谷内浓度扩散的规律时,发现对街区峡谷浓度扩散的两个影响因素,其中定量分析了湍流脉动对浓度扩散的影响,与层流时得到的浓度扩散进行了通量积分的比较;此外,定性分析了不同类型的街区峡谷对扩散的影响。     

天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价技术研究

为研究天然气长输管道失效个人生命风险,提出一种以人员伤亡概率为指标的天然气管道失效后果风险评价方法。基于天然气管道的失效概率和失效致死长度参数,建立天然气长输管道生命风险评价模型。用该模型,对国内某城市住宅小区内带腐蚀缺陷的天然气管线进行定量风险分析。借鉴英国天然气输送公司数据,确定天然气管线个人生命风险值。案例证明,用所建立的天然气管道失效个人生命风险评价模型能够有效地分析带缺陷天然气管道失效后果,实现天然气管道的个人安全生命风险全定量评价。     

突发性大气污染事件数字化动态应急预案系统及其应用

针对近些年频繁发生的突发性大气污染事件,构建了数字化动态应急预案系统。该系统由基础信息数据库、气象环境模式与健康风险评估系统、数字化动态应急预案三部分组成,并利用地理信息系统将三者有机结合,将事故基本信息、事故发展预测及救援状况直观、动态地展现在系统界面,使应急行动得以及时、高效地展开。实地外场综合应急演习证明,该系统技术路线稳定畅通,运行高效,功能强大,具有较好的可行性和实效性。