中国垃圾可燃组分RDF化的探索

在国内第一条日产 6tRDF(垃圾衍生燃料 )的生产线上 ,采用垃圾中可燃垃圾组分进行制备RDF的可行性实验研究 ;对工艺的环境影响及运行经济性进行了评价 ;提出了评价RDF成型性的方法 ,并研究了原料含水量、含钙量及干燥方式对RDF成型性的影响 .实验结果表明 :中国垃圾进行RDF工艺是可行的 ,但目前的成本偏高 ,随着生产规模的提高 ,成本会大幅度降低 ,则制备RDF焚烧所产生的环境效益是非常有吸引力的 ;采用热重分析法对RDF燃烧特性进行了初步研究 .结果表明RDF是一种优质燃料 ,热值与无烟煤相当 ,可用来作替代燃料 .     

Experimental study on combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste

As incineration provides a relatively safe means of disposal, significant reduclaon ot welglat anti volume, ana energy recovery from the waste, it was adopted by many countries. For the experimental investigation on the combustion characteristics of municipal solid waste( MSW),a lab scale fluldized bed facility was constructed. Many kinds of combustion runs were conducted in this fluidized bed combustion facility. The examined parameters were bed temperature(773 to 1143K), form of fuels ( scrap or whole), moisture of fuels and so on. Concentration of CO2,CO,SO2, O2 and NOx in the flue gas were monitored and recorded every 5 seconds. The temperatttres along the reactor are recorded every 10 seconds. Experimental. results were given and analyzed.     

不同挥发分煤尘层最低着火温度变化规律研究

针对煤化工等行业的沉积煤尘热自燃问题,运用煤尘层最低着火温度测试系统,研究了不同挥发分煤尘层的着火状态、不同挥发分及不同厚度煤尘层最低着火温度的变化规律。结果表明:煤尘层厚度为5 mm时,挥发分质量分数大于35%的煤尘在较低温度便出现着火现象,肉眼很容易观察到火星的出现,温度曲线波动剧烈,而对于挥发分质量分数小于15%的煤尘,通过煤尘层内部"温度达到450℃"来判断其着火;在灰分质量分数相当的情况下,煤尘层最低着火温度随挥发分增加呈严格递减的趋势变化;得到了煤尘层厚度和最低着火温度的函数关系式,通过试验得到了挥发分质量分数为37.45%煤尘的重要常数M和N。     

N2和CO2抑制煤燃烧火焰特性对比试验研究

为了研究N_2和CO_2气体灭火剂在抑制煤明火燃烧特性方面的不同,通过搭建受限空间煤明火燃烧试验,分别开展了11.97%、16.81%、20.76%的N_2和10.79%、14.89%、20.32%的CO_2作用下煤明火燃烧抑制试验。鉴于火焰表面积变化与热释放速率变化呈正相关,基于火焰图像分析法开展试验研究。试验过程中,首先,通过数码摄像仪记录不同体积分数惰性气体作用下煤燃烧火焰面积的变化,然后利用Matlab软件进行火焰图像特征提取和"对比度增强"预处理,消除图像记录过程中存在的噪声,以便于有效进行火焰目标识别;其次,基于"阈值法"原理,利用Image-Pro Plus软件对预处理过的火焰目标进行识别和计算,进而实时获得试验过程中火焰表面积;最后,使用小波变换理论对火焰表面积变化曲线进行消噪处理,以获得火焰表面积变化趋势及主要波动信息。结果表明,CO_2比N_2具有更好的熄灭煤明火燃烧的能力,CO_2作用下煤火火焰表面积呈现指数下降,而N_2作用下呈现直线下降,且CO_2的灭火时间比N_2缩短了25%以上。该试验结果明确了N_2和CO_2在熄灭煤明火特性上的不同,弥补了CO_2仅比N_2具有更好的抑爆特性的认识。     

Production,engine performance,combustion, emission characteristics and economic feasibility of biodiesel from waste cooking oil: A review

The depletion of fossil fuel reserves and increasing demands for diesel are considered to be important triggers for many of the initiatives that have been taken to search for possible sources for the production of biodiesel from materials available within the country. It is possible to produce biodiesel from waste/used cooking oils (WCO) that is comparable in quality to that of fresh vegetable oil. Not only does reuse of WCO, which can otherwise harm human health, reduce the burden on the government of treating oily wastewater, disposing of the waste, and maintaining public sewers, it also significantly lowers the production cost of biodiesel. In the process of frying, oil undergoes many reactions, leading to the formation of a number of undesirable compounds, such as polymers, free fatty acids, and many other chemicals. This poses challenges in the transesterification of WCO. This article covers different techniques in the production of biodiesel from WCO. It also compares combustion, emissions, and engine performance characteristics of biodiesel from WCO as well as factors affecting biodiesel production from WCO and its economic feasibility.     

Assessment of Groundwater Depletion and Implications for Management in the Denver Basin Aquifer System

The Denver Basin Aquifer System (DBAS) is a critical groundwater resource along the Colorado Front Range. Groundwater depletion has been documented over the past few decades due to the increased water use among users, presenting long‐term sustainability challenges. A spatiotemporal geostatistical analysis is used to estimate potentiometric surfaces and evaluate groundwater storage changes between 1990 and 2016 in each of the four DBAS aquifers. Several key depletion patterns and spatial water‐level changes emerge in this work. Hydraulic head changes are the largest in the west‐central side of the DBAS and have decreased in some areas by up to 180 m since 1990, while areas to the northwest show increases in hydraulic head by over 30.5 m. The Denver and Arapahoe aquifers show the largest groundwater storage losses, with the highest rates occurring in the 2000s. The results highlight uncertainty in the volumetric predictions under various storage coefficient calculations and emphasize the importance of representative aquifer characterization. The observed groundwater storage depletions are due to a combination of factors, which include population growth increasing the demand for water, variable precipitation, and drought influencing recharge, and increased groundwater pumping. The methods applied in this study are transferable to other groundwater systems and provide a framework that can help assess groundwater depletion and inform management decisions at other locations.     

全绿吊兰茎叶系统净化室内甲醛及其生理指标变化

为了对全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统净化室内空气甲醛污染的效率及其叶片各生理指标的变化特征进行全面研究,采用动态熏蒸系统在甲醛环境下对全绿吊兰进行长达7 d的熏蒸处理,分析盆栽茎叶系统在不同时间段内对空气中甲醛的去除率及熏蒸后叶片的生理变化特性.结果表明,全绿吊兰盆栽茎叶系统在φ（甲醛）为1×10-6、5×10-6及8×10-6时对空气中甲醛的平均去除率分别为54.4%、48.2%和30.7%,并且白天的去除率（71.1%±0.2%）明显高于夜间（36.2%±0.2%）,下午的去除率（60.0%±0.0%）高于上午（50.7%±0.1%）,熏蒸后期的去除率（57.0%±0.2%）高于前期（51.9%±0.3%）.对熏蒸后全绿吊兰盆栽叶片的生理指标测定结果表明,与对照组相比,除了叶片中w（叶绿素）和CAT活性下降外,其余生理指标均表现为上升,其中,电导率和H₂O₂含量的变化最大,φ（甲醛）为8×10-6时分别提高了165.8%和522.2%,而抗氧化酶总活性的增强有效地清除了积累的氧化物,维持了全绿吊兰盆栽的正常生长.另外,经过8×10-6的甲醛熏蒸后,与对照组相比,叶片表面气孔形态变得更加细小狭长甚至完全闭合,但是全绿吊兰盆栽的茎叶外观并无明显受损症状,而且叶片中MDA含量与T-AOC活性在熏蒸后15 d时基本能恢复至正常水平.研究显示,全绿吊兰盆栽对甲醛具有较高的去除能力且有较强的抗耐性及自愈能力,其叶片中各项生理指标的变化则反映了全绿吊兰盆栽与甲醛之间的相互反应机制.      

典型畜禽粪污中雌激素排放特征

为探究畜禽粪污中雌激素的排放水平和分布特征,采用固相萃取-高效液相色谱串联质谱（SPE-HPLC-MS/MS）分析方法,对上海市典型畜禽养殖类型（猪、奶牛、鸡）排放粪污样品中雌激素含量进行测定.结果表明:猪场粪便、沼渣肥、还田土壤、尿液和沼液样品中5种雌激素（E1,雌酮;E2,雌二醇;E3,雌三醇;EE2,炔雌醇;DES,己烯雌酚）总量分别为94.5 ng/g、35.1 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和8 882.2 ng/L、4 388.6 ng/L,其中E1是排泄物中最主要的雌激素;奶牛场粪便、堆肥、还田土壤、尿液、污水进水及出水样品中雌激素总量分别为84.6 ng/g、16.2 ng/g、0.1 ng/g和2 636.7 ng/L、2 605.6 ng/L、615.7 ng/L,其中E1和E2含量最高;鸡场粪便和堆肥样品中雌激素总量分别为60.9和17.5 ng/g.研究显示,猪场、奶牛场和鸡场排泄物中均含有一定数量的天然和人工合成雌激素,雌激素含量水平总体表现为粪便高于有机肥、尿液高于污水;通过畜禽粪污向环境中排放的雌激素总量表现为猪场>奶牛场>鸡场;厌氧发酵对猪场污水中雌激素具有一定的去除效果,而污水厌氧-好氧净化处理和固体粪高温好氧堆肥对奶牛场排泄物中雌激素具有较高的去除效果.      

2016—2019年长江流域水质时空分布特征

为掌握“十三五”以来长江流域的水环境质量时序变化和空间分布特征,基于国家生态环境监测网2016—2019年长江流域615个可比断面监测数据,从流域主要污染特征、主要超标指标浓度时空变化等方面分析了长江流域水质变化情况.结果表明:2016—2019年,长江流域水质总体好转.依据GB 3838—2002《地表水环境质量标准》评价,Ⅰ~Ⅲ类水质断面比例上升7.2百分点,劣Ⅴ类下降2.8百分点.TP、NH₃-N和COD是长江流域的主要超标指标,2019年三者的浓度较2016年分别下降了28.3%、35.0%和8.0%;从流域不同级别河流来看,三者浓度在干流均为最低;从干流来看,三者浓度较高的断面主要分布在长江中游;TP和COD污染主要来自面源,NH₃-N主要来自点源.研究期间,TP对长江流域水环境污染贡献最大,其断面超标率一直排在首位.针对流域水质分布特征,建议继续加强流域内TP防控,重点加强中游污染治理;同时,优化流域产业结构,进一步改善流域水质和生态环境质量.      

降水量与城市大气环境关系——以113个环保重点城市为例

为研究降水量与大气污染物之间的关系,依据2017年全国113个环保重点城市大气质量数据,得出城市聚类空间分布规律及两者之间线性拟合方程。基于南北降水量分布特性与城市空气污染指数,采用模糊聚类法对具有不同亲疏程度的城市进行类别划分,运用Spearman相关性与拟合方程对大气污染特征值与降水量进行分析。结果表明：随着聚类种数增多,城市聚集在空间分布上由“环环相套”发展为“依流域分布”,降水量与大气污染物浓度呈现负向关联性,晋冀鲁豫陕省份污染最严重。采用Kolmogorov-Smirnov检验法,得出NO₂、O₃、PM_2.5总体分布符合正态分布,SO₂、PM₁₀、CO既不符合正态分布,也不符合均匀、指数分布,它们与降水量的相关系数为：-0.316、-0.238、-0.332、-0.617、-0.574、-0.695;线性拟合方程系数处于 [-0.031, -0.008] 之间,降水量与大气污染物浓度之间负相关性明显。研究结果有助于了解和认识降水量对城市大气环境变化的影响。