DOC removal paradigms in highly humic aquatic ecosystems

Background, aim, and scope  Dissolved humic substances (HS) usually comprise 50–80% of the dissolved organic carbon (DOC) in aquatic ecosystems. From a trophic and biogeochemical perspective, HS has been considered to be highly refractory and is supposed to accumulate in the water. The upsurge of the microbial loop paradigm and the studies on HS photo-degradation into labile DOC gave rise to the belief that microbial processing of DOC should sustain aquatic food webs in humic waters. However, this has not been extensively supported by the literature, since most HS and their photo-products are often oxidized by microbes through respiration in most nutrient-poor humic waters. Here, we review basic concepts, classical studies, and recent data on bacterial and photo-degradation of DOC, comparing the rates of these processes in highly humic ecosystems and other aquatic ecosystems. Materials and methods  We based our review on classical and recent findings from the fields of biogeochemistry and microbial ecology, highlighting some odd results from highly humic Brazilian tropical lagoons, which can reach up to 160 mg C L⁻¹. Results and discussion  Highly humic tropical lagoons showed proportionally lower bacterial production rates and higher bacterial respiration rates (i.e., lower bacterial growth efficiency) than other lakes. Zooplankton showed similar δ¹³C to microalgae but not to humic DOC in these highly humic lagoons. Thus, the data reviewed here do not support the microbial loop as an efficient matter transfer pathway in highly humic ecosystems, where it is supposed to play its major role. In addition, we found that some tropical humic ecosystems presented the highest potential DOC photo-chemical mineralization (PM) rates reported in the literature, exceeding up to threefold the rates reported for temperate humic ecosystems. We propose that these atypically high PM rates are the result of a joint effect of the seasonal dynamics of allochthonous humic DOC input to these ecosystems and the high sunlight incidence throughout the year. The sunlight action on DOC is positive to microbial consumption in these highly humic lagoons, but little support is given to the enhancement of bacterial growth efficiency, since the labile photo-chemical products are mostly respired by microbes in the nutrient-poor humic waters. Conclusions  HS may be an important source of energy for aquatic bacteria in humic waters, but it is probably not as important as a substrate to bacterial growth and to aquatic food webs, since HS consumption is mostly channeled through microbial respiration. This especially seems to be the case of humic-rich, nutrient-poor ecosystems, where the microbial loop was supposed to play its major role. Highly humic ecosystems also present the highest PM rates reported in the literature. Finally, light and bacteria can cooperate in order to enhance total carbon degradation in highly humic aquatic ecosystems but with limited effects on aquatic food webs. Recommendations and perspectives  More detailed studies using C- and N-stable isotope techniques and modeling approaches are needed to better understand the actual importance of HS to carbon cycling in highly humic waters.     

Study on the raw fish oil purification from PCDD/F and dl-PCB-industrial tests

The results of tests for the purification of fish oils with activated carbon for industrial use are presented. The optimum parameters for the process of purification (granulation of the activated carbon, its dosage, the oil temperature, and the duration of mixing the oil with activated carbon) were previously established for the laboratory scale. The optimization of the process consisted of selecting purification parameters that would allow for maximum reduction of the toxic polychlorinated dibenzo-para-dioxins and polychlorinated dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) content, while retaining the favorable high fatty acid content [C20:5 n−3, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and C22:6 n−3, docosahexaenoic acid (DHA)]. The use of that optimum parameters in industrial conditions confirmed the satisfactory results obtained in laboratory tests. Five types of oil derived from various Baltic fish were purified. Reduction in the PCDD/Fs content was 77.0–93.6% on average, whereas in the dioxin-like polychlorinated biphenyls (dl-PCBs)—it was 42.7–50.5% on average, with insignificant changes in the total amount of EPA and DHA content. Furthermore, a significant reduction in the content of arsenic was noted (by about 62% on average), with insignificant changes in the content of organochlorine pesticides (OCPs), and marker polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), cadmium, lead, and mercury.Purification provided fish oil having standardized parameters that allow for its use as feed additives, whilst retaining its favorable fatty acid content.     

Comparison of manufactured and black carbon nanoparticle concentrations in aquatic sediments

In this paper, we show that concentrations of manufactured carbon-based nanoparticles (MCNPs) in aquatic sediments will be negligible compared to levels of black carbon nanoparticles (BCNPs). This is concluded from model calculations accounting for MCNP sedimentation fluxes, removal rates due to aggregation or degradation, and MCNP burial in deeper sediment layers. The resultant steady state MCNP levels are compared with BCNP levels calculated from soot levels in sediments and weight fractions of nanosized fractions of these soot particles. MCNP/BCNP ratios range from 10⁻⁷ to 10⁻⁴ (w:w). This suggests that the often acclaimed effect of MCNPs on organic pollutant binding and bioavailability will likely be below the level of detection if natural BCNPs are present, even if binding to MCNP is one to two orders of magnitude stronger than to BCNPs. Furthermore, exposure and toxic effects of MCNPs in sediments and soils will be negligible compared to that of BCNPs.     

多壁碳纳米管修饰丝网印刷电极同时检测水中苯二酚异构体的研究

采用丝网印刷技术和滴涂法制备了一种可抛型的多壁碳纳米管修饰丝网印刷电极,并将其用于水中的对苯二酚、 邻苯二酚和间苯二酚等苯二酚异构体的同时检测.苯二酚在此修饰电极上的循环伏安行为考察显示,该电极可较好地区分3种异构体的氧化峰,对其氧化还原反应有明显的电催化作用;以差示脉冲伏安法检测对苯二酚、 邻苯二酚和间苯二酚的混合水样,其峰电流与浓度分别在8.20×10^-6～1.00×10^-3、 8.20×10^-6～1.00×10^-3和1.64×10^-5～1.16×10^-3 mol·L^-1范围内呈良好的线性关系,检出限分别达4.34×10^-6、 3.42×10^-6和6.70×10^-6 mol·L^-1;对污染水样进行测定,加标回收率为96.2%～104.9%.研究结果表明,多壁碳纳米管修饰的丝网印刷电极可用于苯二酚异构体污染水样的现场快速检测.     

H3PO4活化制备加拿大一枝黄花活性炭及其性能表征

本文以入侵植物加拿大一枝黄花(Solidago Canadensis)为原料,采用正交试验方法,通过磷酸活化法制备高效活性炭吸附剂,研究固液比、磷酸浓度、活化温度和活化时间对活性炭吸附性能及产率的影响,结果表明:最优制备条件是磷酸浓度为40%、固液比为1∶3,活化温度为400 ℃、活化时间为60 min,此时亚甲基蓝吸...     

游离态氨基酸对羊角月牙藻的生物有效性

采用实验室模拟培养试验,以6种个体氨基酸——丝氨酸、天冬氨酸、谷氨酸、甘氨酸、丙氨酸和精氨酸为唯一氮源,采用一次性培养的方法,在无菌条件下,研究羊角月牙藻对不同种类个体氨基酸和不同浓度混合氨基酸的利用潜能。结果表明:藻细胞在生长过程中会释放氨基酸增加水体中氨基酸浓度,同时,藻类可迅速并直接利用多种游离态氨基酸快速生长。氨基酸浓度在培养周期的前2天减少90%以上,藻细胞数在第6~8天达到最大,说明藻细胞的生长滞后于游离氨基酸浓度的下降;在个体氨基酸试验中,藻细胞对氨基酸的利用程度为精氨酸>丙氨酸>谷氨酸>天门冬氨酸>丝氨酸>甘氨酸;在混合氨基酸试验中,藻细胞的比增殖速率明显高于个体氨基酸试验组,且随混合氨基酸浓度的增加,最大藻细胞生物量增加;羊角月牙藻在利用个体氨基酸的同时也会释放其他种类的氨基酸,其中,天冬氨酸和甘氨酸的释放浓度最大。羊角月牙藻在无机氮缺乏情况下,能迅速利用氨基酸。     

煤气化炉渣研究现状及利用技术展望

煤气化技术的应用是我国能源战略的重要一环,但同时也会产生大量的煤气化炉渣,亟需研究可批量消纳的资源化利用技术。煤炭灰分中各种矿物相在气化炉内会随温度发生变化,通过对该变化的研究和总结,描述了煤炭灰分中各种矿物相在气化炉内的物化反应过程,并指出煤炭灰分对煤气化炉渣的最终形态特点具有决定性的影响;对煤气化炉渣中残碳的组成及其变化特点的研究表明,残碳对煤气化炉渣的最终利用途径具有重要影响;此外,通过分析煤气化炉渣利用技术研究现状,指出建材化利用技术和掺烧循环流化床原料技术是目前的主流途径;最后,展望了煤气化炉渣利用技术的发展方向,并提出了煤气化炉渣用于混凝土和水泥原料以及井下回填的技术途径。     

覆盖金属氧化物对湖泊沉积物溶解性有机质特征的影响

为揭示不同金属氧化物对湖泊沉积物DOM（溶解性有机质）影响机制,通过室内模拟试验,在沉积物表层分别覆盖Fe、Al、Mn氧化物及湖沙后培养1 a,并利用三维荧光和紫外光谱方法进行表征.结果表明:① 覆盖Al、Fe、Mn氧化物和湖沙主要降低了0~3 cm沉积物的w（DOC）,降幅分别为8.61%、6.27%、22.38%和0.44%. ② 沉积物中DOM的类络氨酸峰（peak B₁）和类色氨酸峰（peak T₂）均产生较大变化.其中三种氧化物均显著降低了上层沉积物中DOM的peak T₂,使底层DOM的peakT₂显著增加. Mn氧化物使DOM的peak B₁降低,Fe和Al氧化物使DOM的peak B₁增加,湖沙则使两类峰均降低. ③ 覆盖金属氧化物改变了沉积物DOM结构特征,其中覆盖Fe氧化物增强了其芳香性,而覆盖Mn氧化物和Al氧化却降低其芳香性,但三者均使DOM腐质化程度及官能团数量增加,并使FI（Fluorescence Index,荧光指数）增大,表明DOM向生物源转化.研究显示,沉积物表层覆盖金属氧化物影响了沉积物中DOM迁移和转化,并促进了其降解,导致其分子量和腐殖化程度增加.      

乌梁素海和岱海沉积物有机碳的形态特征

以富营养化类型不同的乌梁素海和岱海为对象,开展湖泊沉积物中有机碳的形态特征研究,对比分析了2个湖泊沉积物有机碳的形态特征及其差异性.结果表明,乌梁素海沉积物中总有机碳(TOC)含量范围为4.50～22.83 g·kg-1,平均11.80g·kg-1;重组碳(HFOC)含量范围为3.38～21.67 g·kg-1,平均1...     

春季黄海与渤海一氧化碳的浓度分布、海-气通量和光生产的研究

在春季开展了黄海与渤海表层海水和上方大气中CO的浓度分布、海-气通量和表层海水中CO的光化学生产的研究.用顶空分析法测得表层海水中CO的浓度（[CO]surf）为（0.19～3.57）nmol.L-1,平均值为1.24 nmol.L-1（SD=0.79,n=69）;总体来看,[CO]surf的分布呈现出近岸高、远海低的...