某市给水管网中铁释放现象影响因素与控制对策分析

针对某市管网水中铁浓度的变化规律进行了系统的研究,确定了管垢向管网水中释放出的铁是管网水中铁超标的主要原因.研究中发现铸铁管和镀锌钢管中管垢的主要化学组分为铁.在给水管网中,管网水的溶解氧和余氯浓度低时,对应的管网水中铁释放现象严重,其原因是还原条件使管垢表面的致密钝化层被破坏,造成二价铁的大量释放.根据试验结果提出了给水管网中铁释放和“红水”现象的控制对策.     

丙酸的加入对厌氧-低氧同时生物除磷脱氮系统的影响

2个实验室规模的序批式反应器（SBRs）在厌氧-低氧（0.15～0.45 mg·L^-1）条件下运行,以比较丙酸的加入对同时生物除磷脱氮系统的影响.结果表明,无论是丙酸与乙酸的混合酸（碳摩尔比为1.5/1）作为碳源（SBR1）,还是乙酸作为单独碳源（SBR2）,系统都发生同步硝化反硝化和磷的去除（SNDPR）,并且氨氮被全部氧化,系统中没有亚硝酸盐的大量累积.与SBR2相比,SBR1中厌氧阶段磷释放量少,聚羟基戊酸（PHV）合成量高,好氧末磷剩余量少,硝态氮累积少,因此SBR1中总氮和总磷的去除率（分别为68%和95%）比SBR2（分别为51%和92%）高,加入丙酸有助于SNDPR系统保持较好的除磷、脱氮效果.     

黄河口无机碳输运过程对pH异常增高现象的响应

为研究黄河无机碳的输运过程及有效入海通量,通过对2004年至2006年黄河口汛期和非汛期淡水-海水混合过程中无机碳参数、溶解氧饱和度、叶绿素和NH⁺₄、 PO^3-₄的分析得出,黄河口低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象,而恰在此区域DIC出现亏损现象,黄河口淡-咸水混合区域pH异常增高现象可以表征无机碳的沉降作用.淡咸水混合初期生物好氧呼吸作用的降低能够导致p_CO2的迅速降低是造成低盐度区pH出现相对于淡水端异常增高现象的主要原因.根据河口溶解物质的保守混合模型,发现混合过程中ΔDIC与ΔTA是1∶1的关系,表明DIC出现亏损是由于HCO^-₃清除造成的,汛期和非汛期黄河口无机碳的沉降作用能够清除输入到河口DIC总量的10%,即黄河口每年可清除1.21×10⁵ t河流输入的溶解无机碳,DIC的有效入海通量约为10.86×10⁵ t,通过评估,黄河流域风化作用吸收的大气CO₂量将有10%左右被河口无机碳沉降作用重新释放到大气中,而流域风化作用固定的CO₂在河口将有2.24×10⁵ t（以CO₂计）重新释放到大气中.     

西江溶解有机碳的输送对典型洪水过程的响应

对2005年6月西江干流出现特大洪水期间及其前后的溶解有机碳(DOC)进行连续采样分析.结果表明,DOC浓度对流量变化的响应不敏感(n=43,R2=0.23,p＞0.05),尽管流量有6～7倍的变化,但DOC浓度的变化不到30%.洪水前夕、洪水期间及洪水过后DOC平均浓度逐渐降低,且洪水过后西江下游各个采样点的DOC浓度明显低于洪水前夕.DOC的输出量主要受地表径流深度的影响,二者之间存在着显著的线性相关关系.DOC荷载通量与流量密切相关,通过建立二者之间的线性回归方程可以计算出DOC的输出量,洪水期间DOC的输出量为4.5×1010g.     

高强度好氧生物反应器处理制药废水的启动和稳定性试验研究

高强度好氧反应器(jet-loop compact reactor,JLCR)采用射流曝气强制溶氧.对JLCR处理制药废水进行了试验研究,考察了JLCR的运行效果、反应器的启动与污泥驯化、抗冲击负荷性能以及污泥沉降性能等.初步结果表明,该系统启动时间较短,运行稳定,COD去除效果较好.进水COD为8000 mg/L左右时,去除率达到80%.     

低溶解氧和磷缺乏引发的非丝状菌污泥膨胀及控制

针对污泥培养过程中出现的非丝状菌污泥膨胀,分析了发生膨胀后污泥的特征、性状及其降解污染物性能.反应器中低溶解氧浓度（0～0.7mg/L）和低P/BOD₅值(0.78/100) 2种因素共同作用导致污泥膨胀.污泥胞外多聚糖含量越高,污泥憎水性越小,SVI也越高.通过提高溶解氧浓度和P/BOD₅值,可使污泥沉降性能得到恢复.此外,向膨胀污泥中投加多孔填料,在不降低处理效能的情况下,很快使系统免受污泥沉降性能恶化的困扰,而向膨胀污泥中投加强氧化剂NaClO并不能有效控制污泥膨胀.     

不同养殖水体溶解氧与环境因子关系的比较

根据2003年7月到2004年6月间对厦门铁道公司东山牙鲆工厂化养殖车间和同安湾网箱养殖区养殖水体水环境监测的资料分析整理而得.研究结果表明:东山牙鲆养殖车间的DO、NH4-N、NO2-N均达到了二类渔业水质标准,但COD偏高,超出四类渔业水质标准.在工厂化养殖中,由于受人为的影响,DO与其他环境因子不存在线性关系.而在同安湾,NH4-N、NO2-N、DO和COD均达到了二类渔业水质标准,同时DO与COD,DO与NH4-N之间都存在较好线性关系.     

Transformations of particles, metal elements and natural organic matter in different water treatment processes

Characterizing natural organic matter （NOM）, particles and elements in different water treatment processes can give a useful information to optimize water treatment operations. In this article, transformations of particles, metal elements and NOM in a pilot-scale water treatment plant were investigated by laser light granularity system, particle counter, glass-fiber membrane filtration, inductively coupled plasma-optical emission spectroscopy, ultra filtration and resin absorbents fractionation. The results showed that particles, NOM and trihalomethane formation precursors were removed synergistically by sequential treatment of different processes. Preozonation markedly changed the polarity and molecular weight of NOM, and it could be conducive to the following coagulation process through destabilizing particles and colloids; mid-ozonation enhanced the subsequent granular activated carbon （GAC） filtration process by decreasing molecular weight of organic matters. Coagulation-flotation and GAC were more efficient in removing fixed suspended solids and larger particles; while sand-filtration was more efficient in removing volatile suspended solids and smaller particles. Flotation performed better than sedimentation in terms of particle and NOM removal. The type of coagulant could greatly affect the performance of coagulation-flotation. Pre-hydrolyzed composite coagulant （HPAC） was superior to FeCl3 concerning the removals of hydrophobic dissolved organic carbon and volatile suspended solids. The leakages of flocs from sand-filtration and microorganisms from GAC should be mitigated to ensure the reliability of the whole treatment system.     

Leaching of styrene and other aromatic compounds in drinking water from PS bottles

Bottled water may not be safer, or healthier, than tap water. The present studies have proved that styrene and some other aromatic compounds leach continuously from polystyrene （PS） bottles used locally for packaging. Water sapmles in contact with PS were extracted by a preconcentration technique called as ＂purge and trap＂ and analysed by gas chromatograph-mass spectrometer （GC/MS）. Eleven aromatic compounds were identified in these studies. Maximum concentration of styrene in PS bottles was 29.5 μg/L. Apart from styrene, ethyl benzene, toluene and benzene were also quantified but their concentrations were much less than WHO guide line values. All other compounds were in traces. Quality of plastic and storage time were the major factor in leaching of styrene. Concentration of styrene was increased to 69.53 μg/L after one-year storage. In Styrofoam and PS cups studies, hot water was found to be contaminated with styrene and other aromatic compounds. It was observed that temperature played a major role in the leaching of styrene monomer from Styrofoam cups. Paper cups were found to be safe for hot drinks.     

Impacts of converting from leaded to unleaded gasoline on ambient lead concentrations in Jakarta metropolitan area

Total suspended particulate mater （TSP） concentrations were monitored for one year from July 2000 and for one year from April 2003 in Jakarta City. Thirteen elemental TSP components, aluminum （Al）, sodium （Na）, iron （Fe）, lead （Pb）, potassium （K）, zinc （Zn）, titanium （Ti）, manganese （Mn）, bromine （Br）, copper （Cu）, chromium （Cr）, nickel （Ni）, and vanadium （V） were analyzed by a sequential X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. Al, Na, Fe, K, and Pb were major components at most of the sampling locations in 2000. However, only Pb in 2003 dramatically decreased to one tenth. The phase-out of leaded gasoline began on July 1, 2001 in Jakarta City and lead content in gasoline decreased to one tenth, too. The decrease in Pb concentration was a result of the phase-out of leaded gasoline, as lead emissions mainly are exhaust gas from vehicles.