给水管网中铁释放现象的影响因素研究

在实验室静态试验下,定量分析了给水管网中无机化学水质参数对铁释放现象的影响,包括酸碱条件、氧化还原条件和无机离子等不同类别的水质参数.研究发现,铁释放速率都随着pH值、碱度和氧化剂浓度的升高而降低,随着氯离子浓度的升高而升高.根据管网的一般条件,提出了控制铁释放现象的理论临界释放速率计算公式.根据理论临界铁释放速率,达到控制管网铁释放现象的必要条件时,管网水质条件满足的要求为pH大于7.6,碱度大于150 mg/L,溶解氧浓度大于2 mg/L,氯离子浓度小于150 mg/L.     

长江有机碳通量的季节变化及三峡工程对其影响

2003年6月～2005年7月在长江口每月采集表层水样,测定溶解有机碳(DOC)和颗粒有机碳(POC).结果表明,DOC和POC平均浓度分别为1.59±0.21和0.91±0.42mg/L,其中枯季的DOC浓度较洪季高,而POC则呈相反趋势.POC浓度与水体中总悬浮颗粒物(TSM)浓度有显著性正相关关系,在TSM中的POC%随着TSM浓度的增加而减小.2003,2004年长江的DOC通量分别为1.32×10⁶t和1.20×10⁶t,POC通量分别为2.69×10⁶t和1.63×10⁶t,约76%的总有机碳在洪季输送入海,组成以颗粒态为主.2003～2004年间POC通量急剧减少,DOC通量与POC通量的比值迅速增大,可能与三峡水库对颗粒物的拦蓄、改造及富营养化有关.     

采用微电极测定溶解氧有效扩散系数的研究

生物载体内部溶解氧的传质是影响载体同步硝化反硝化性能的重要因素.介绍了一种以溶解氧微电极为测试工具,获得球形生物载体内部溶解氧扩散系数的方法.采用自制的溶解氧微电极检测沿载体半径方向上的溶解氧分布,结合扩散-反应方程拟合获得载体内部的溶解氧有效扩散系数.结果表明,在载体填充率为25%的情况下,连续流球形载体反应器可实现同步硝化反硝化,对有机物的去除负荷达到5.6 kg/(m³·d).沿载体半径方向里层1/2区域范围内溶解氧消耗为零,载体内能够形成明显的缺氧/厌氧区.溶解氧分布曲线的拟合结果表明,载体内部溶解氧有效扩散系数为0.017?2　m²/d,传质过程以紊动传质为主.     

Photodegradation of perfluorooctanoic acid by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet light

The photodegradation of persistent and bioaccumulative perftuorooctanoic acid （PFOA） in water by 185 nm vacuum ultraviolet （VUV） light was examined to develop an effective technology to deal with PFOA pollution. PFOA degraded very slowly under irradiation of 254 nm UV light. However, 61.7% of initial PFOA was degraded by 185 nm VUV light within 2 h, and defluorination ratio reached 17.1%. Pseudo first-order-kinetics well simulated its degradation and defluorination. Besides, fluoride ion formed in water, 4 shorter-chain perfluorinated carboxylic acids （PFCAs）, that is, perfluoroheptanoic acid, perfluorohexanoic acid, perfluoropentanoic acid, and perfluorobutanoic acid. These were identified as intermediates by LC-MS measurement. These PFCAs consecutively formed and further degraded with irradiation time. According to the mass balance calculation, no other byproducts were formed. It was proposed that PFCAs initially are decarboxylated by 185 nm light, and the radical thus formed reacts with water to form shorter-chain PFCA with one less CF2 unit.     

不同水体溶解性有机物的混凝去除特性

采用硫酸铝、工业氯化铁、无机高分子絮凝剂(PAC)3种无机混凝剂,对广州珠江、北京密云、天津滦河不同原水进行了混凝实验,分析了不同混凝剂去除水体有机物的特性以及不同水体溶解性有机物(DOM)的内在分级特征与其混凝去除率的关系.实验结果表明,①珠江水体由于碱度低,pH较易下降,高投药浓度下此水体DOM更易被氯化铁去除;中低投药下,在南方水体中,PAC与盐类絮凝剂对去除DOM的混凝性能差别不如在北方水体中明显,表明南北方水体DOM的内在特性存在一定差异,即北方水体DOM中可混凝去除部分的有机物易发生电中和作用,带有较多负电基团,南方珠江水体DOM含带电基团的有机物相对较少,而中性有机物含量相对较高,这与进一步分级结果一致.②所有水体从混凝收敛点看,总溶解性有机碳(DOC)去除率都是工业PAC最高,显示电中和(憎水化)-沉淀(吸附)可能为这些水体DOM的主要去除机理.③从不同水体的DOC平均去除率看,珠江水体高于密云水体,它们又明显高于滦河水体.对水体DOM进一步的化学分级研究结果表明,DOC去除率越高的水体,其中的憎水中性物质(HoN)含量也越高.这表明,除了碱度、总有机碳(TOC)外,原水DOM的内在化学分级特征也是影响水体DOC混凝去除率的重要因素.     

ATR-FTIR and XPS study on the structure of complexes formed upon the adsorption of simple organic acids on aluminum hydroxide

Information on the binding of organic ligands to metal （hydr）oxide surfaces is useful for understanding the adsorption behaviour of natural organic matter on metal （hydr）oxide. In this study, benzoate and salicylate were employed as the model organic ligands and aluminum hydroxide as the metal hydroxide. The attenuated total reflectance Fourier transform infrared （ATR-FTIR） spectra revealed that the ligands benzoate and salicylate do coordinate directly with the surface of hydrous aluminum hydroxide, thereby forming innersphere surface complexes. It is concluded that when the initial pH is acidic or neutral, monodentate and bridging complexes are to be formed between benzoate and aluminum hydroxide while bridging complexes predominate when the initial pH is alkalic. Monodentate and bridging complexes can be formed at pH 5 while precipitate and bridging complexes are formed at pH 7 when salicylate anions are adsorbed on aluminum hydroxide. The X-ray photoelectron （XP） spectra demonstrated the variation of C 1 s binding energy in the salicyate and phenolic groups before and after adsorption. It implied that the benzoate ligands are adsorbed through the complexation between carboxylate moieties and the aluminum hydroxide surface, while both carboxylate group and phenolic group are involved in the complexation reaction when salicylate is adsorbed onto aluminum hydroxide. The information offered by the XPS confirmed the findings obtained with ATR-FTIR.     

Determination of haloacetic acids in hospital effuent after chlorination by ion chromatography

The ion chromatography combined solid phase extraction (SPE) method was developed for the analysis of low concentration haloacetic acids (HAAs), a class of disinfection by-products formed from chlorination of hospital wastewater. The monitored HAAs included monochloroacetic acid, monobromoacetic acid, dichloroacetic acid, dibromoacetic acid and trichloroacetic acid. The method employed a sodium hydroxide eluent at a flow rate of 0.8 mlmin, electrolytically generated gradients, and suppressed conductivity detection. To analyze the HAAs in real hospital wastewater samples, C18 pretreatment cartridge was utilized to reduce samples' turbidity. Preconcentration with SPE and matrix elimination with treatment cartridges were investigated and found to be able to obtain acceptable detection limits. Linearity, repeatability and detection limits of the above method were evaluated. The detection limits of monobromoacetic acid and dibromoacetic acid were 2.61 μgL and 1.30 μgL, respectively, and the other three acids are ranging from 0.48 to 0.82 μgL under 25-fold preconcentration. When the above optimization procedure was applied to three hospital wastewater samples with different treatment processes in Tianjin, it was found that the dichloroacetic acid was the major compound, and the growth ratios of the HAAs after disinfection by sodium hypochlorite were 91.28%, 63.61% and 79.50%, respectively.     

秦岭北麓河流夏季有色溶解有机物分布特征及影响因素

以秦岭北麓辋川河水体为研究对象,利用紫外可见吸收光谱、荧光光谱结合平行因子分析法解析了夏季辋川河水体有色溶解性有机质(CDOM)的组成结构,并探讨了水体有色溶解性有机质的来源,运用冗余分析法和Pearson相关性分析阐明了光学参数与水质参数的相关性.结果表明,①辋川河水体CDOM由类色氨酸组分C1(245, 300/335 nm)、短波类腐殖质组分C2(240, 320～340/405 nm)和长波类腐殖质组分C3(270, 350～370/470 nm)组成,其中组分C1与C2具有一定的同源性(r=0.859,P<0.001).②CDOM吸收系数α(355)表明辋川河水体CDOM浓度处于较低水平,并且α(355)与DOC浓度相关性显著(r=0.850,P<0.001),这有利于建立DOC反演模型.③水体荧光指数FI(2.36±0.20)、HIX(3.66±2.47)、BIX(1.56±0.82)和新鲜度指数(β:α)(1.33±0.62),以及光谱斜率比S_R(0.76±0.25)表明,辋川河水体CDOM呈现强自生源、低腐殖化和非陆源的特征.④冗余分析...     

污水处理厂溶解氧在线监测设计

文章主要介绍了Carrousel氧化沟的工艺原理,并以焦作污水处理厂为例,通过对Carrousel氧化沟进行布点和监测,分析Carrousel氧化沟运行过程中溶解氧的变化规律,并确定最佳监测点,为在线监测设计提供了依据。这是节能降耗、提高污水处理效率的重要技术措施。     

2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯对藻细胞膜和亚显微结构的影响

为揭示化感物质抑制藻类的机理, 研究了芦苇化感物质2-甲基乙酰乙酸乙酯(eathyl-2-methyl acetoacetate, EMA)对蛋白核小球藻、铜绿微囊藻和普通小球藻细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸种类、含量以及藻细胞亚显微结构的影响,采用Bligh and dye法提取藻类细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸,GC-MS测定脂肪酸种类和含量,透射电镜法观测细胞亚显微结构. 结果表明, EMA使蛋白核小球藻细胞膜不饱和脂肪酸亚麻酸、亚油酸含量都增加了14%, 而饱和脂肪酸肉豆蔻酸、棕榈酸含量则下降了12%和11%. 加入EMA后, 铜绿微囊藻细胞膜中不饱和脂肪酸C18∶1和C18∶2含量分别增加了12%和10%, 饱和脂肪酸C18∶0和C16∶0含量则下降. EMA对普通小球藻细胞膜磷脂脂肪酸含量没有显著影响. EMA使蛋白核小球藻和铜绿微囊藻细胞壁脱落, 细胞膜破裂, 细胞内含物渗出, 细胞内片层结构解体, 细胞核和线粒体结构损坏. EMA对普通小球藻细胞亚显微结构没有显著破坏.