光催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液中溶解性有机物

研究了UV-TiO2光催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液过程中溶解性有机物(DOM)的变化特征。结果表明:在适宜条件下,UV-TiO2光催化氧化降解垃圾渗滤液的色度、COD和DOC的去除率分别可达97%、72%和60%;紫外光谱分析说明渗滤液DOM中包括多种含有共轭双键、羰基的大分子有机物及多环芳香类化合物,不同光催化处理液中DOM具有基本一致的结构单元和官能团;红外光谱分析说明渗滤液DOM中含有大量包括羟基、羧基、氨基和苯环的芳香族化合物,在光催化处理液中这几种官能团都能被有效降解;GC/MS分析结果表明,渗滤液DOM中含有72种有机污染物,醇类、羧酸和酮类分别为25、14和12种;在光催化72 h处理液中,有机物减少为44种;酯类和醇类较多,分别为12种和16种;酮类8种,羧酸没有检出。     

高速公路路面沉积物的污染特性

对湖南省长潭西高速公路不同采样点的路面沉积物进行取样分析,并检测了样品的颗粒级配、COD、重金属(Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd)和有机质。结果表明,路面沉积物主要以粒径<0.15 mm的颗粒为主;较小颗粒物中的COD含量高于较大颗粒中的COD含量;粒径在0.15 mm以下的颗粒物所含重金属Cu、Zn、Pb和Cd的浓度普遍高于所选的土壤标准值,降雨一旦形成径流将会产生严重的污染危害;沉积物中的有机质含量对重金属的吸附有一定的影响,有机质含量越高,沉积物中重金属含量相对也高。     

小型好氧堆肥设备处理有机垃圾

针对我国生活垃圾的特点,提出了厨余等有机生活垃圾单独收集,在产生源头进行好氧堆肥处理。研制了好氧堆肥设备,由加热装置、通风装置、冷凝水收集和回灌装置,以及与该生物堆肥设备配套的生物过滤除臭装置、自控系统和数据采集软件几部分构成。自控系统由氧气、温度、湿度三路传感器以及2个控制器构成,并与加热装置、通风装置连接,能满足物料加热、供氧和散热的要求。本研究通过为期30 d的试运行实验表明,物料快速升温并稳定保持在高温阶段(50～60℃),物料中的氧气浓度保持在14%～16%范围内。在堆肥实验结束时,物料的含水率降至36.4%,有机质含量降至49%,另外,通过好氧速率指标也可判定物料达到腐熟。     

PAFC对水体中持久性有机污染物PFOA的混凝效果

针对含全氟辛酸(PFOA)的工业废水及应对PFOA的污染突发事件,采用PAFC及其复配粘土矿物凹凸棒和沸石进行混凝实验,并对几个影响因素进行了考察。结果表明,在PAFC的最佳投加量10 mg/L时,PFOA和浊度的去除率分别达到70.25%和99.42%,PAFC混凝处理PFOA的效果优于PAC;pH值对PAFC去除PFOA有一定的影响,当pH大于6时有利于PFOA的去除;PFOA和浊度的去除率随原始浊度的增加而增加;活性炭、盐酸改性凹凸棒、盐酸改性沸石、CT-MAB改性的沸石复配PAFC均可提高PFOA的去除率;改性处理后的沸石应用于PFOA的处理中,有望降低处理成本。     

不同流量分配比对多级A/O工艺去除有机物及脱氮的影响

采用三级A/O工艺分段进水工艺处理低碳源生活污水,考察了进水流量分配比对系统去除有机物、硝化反硝化能力以及去除TN的影响。通过对水质指标沿程监测结果表明,不同流量分配比(4∶3∶3,5∶3∶2,6∶3∶1)对系统去除有机物及硝化效率影响不大,出水COD、氨氮分别均在30 mg/L、1 mg/L以下。但反硝化效果受流量分配比的影响较大,在流量比为5∶3∶2时,有效利用原水中碳源进行反硝化,反硝化效果最好。在流量比为5∶3∶2的情况下,TN出水为5.7 mg/L去除率为82.9%,优于流量分配比为6∶3∶1和4∶3∶3时的脱氮效果。总体而言,分段进水工艺在对碳源的有效利用及能耗节省方面优于单点进水。     

电器防雷滤波技术探讨

我国是雷电多发地区,在我们日常生活中电器经常会被雷电击坏或不能正常工作。本文就产品设计中我们常采用的一种既防雷又解决滤波的防雷滤波技术讨论,并加以验证。     

油田压裂返排液处理技术实验研究

油气井压裂作业过程中产生的压裂返排液已成为当前油田水体的主要污染源之一。文章对吉林油田公司压裂返排液处理工艺进行了实验研究。结果表明:在采用絮凝、微波强氧化、活性炭毡处理、纳滤/反渗透集成处理工艺后,压裂返排液CODCr可以达到GB 8978-1996《污水综合排放标准》一级标准要求。该研究为压裂返排液处理装置的设计和现场实施提供了实验基础。     

秦皇岛市商业低碳化研究

2001—2010年秦皇岛市商业行业碳排放量分析结果显示,秦皇岛商业行业碳排放不论从总量还是排放强度均呈现增加趋势。通过剖析商业低碳化的制约因素,对秦皇岛市商业低碳化发展提出了相关建议：商业企业应积极进行内部治理,控制商业建筑的碳排放并合理选择供应商;发挥政府的主导作用,为低碳商业的发展提供良好的外部环境;合理规划商业产业与商业网点布局,积极引导、促进商业领域低碳技术的使用和发展;建立低碳商业发展专项资金,为中小型商业企业提供资金支持;加强对低碳消费的引导力度。     

Comparison of the Performance of Statistical Models in Forecasting Monthly Total Dissolved Solids in the Rio Grande1

Abudu, S., J.P. King, Z. Sheng, 2011. Comparison of the Performance of Statistical Models in Forecasting Monthly Total Dissolved Solids in the Rio Grande. Journal of the American Water Resources Association (JAWRA) 48(1): 10‐23. DOI: 10.1111/j.1752‐1688.2011.00587.x Abstract: This paper presents the application of autoregressive integrated moving average (ARIMA), transfer function‐noise (TFN), and artificial neural networks (ANNs) modeling approaches in forecasting monthly total dissolved solids (TDS) of water in the Rio Grande at El Paso, Texas. Predictability analysis was performed between the precipitation, temperature, streamflow rates at the site, releases from upstream reservoirs, and monthly TDS using cross‐correlation statistical tests. The chi‐square test results indicated that the average monthly temperature and precipitation did not show significant predictability on monthly TDS series. The performances of one‐ to three‐month‐ahead model forecasts for the testing period of 1984‐1994 showed that the TFN model that incorporated the streamflow rates at the site and Caballo Reservoir release improved monthly TDS forecasts slightly better than the ARIMA models. Except for one‐month‐ahead forecasts, the ANN models using the streamflow rates at the site as inputs resulted in no significant improvements over the TFN models at two‐month‐ahead and three‐month‐ahead forecasts. For three‐month‐ahead forecasts, the simple ARIMA showed similar performance compared to all other models. The results of this study suggested that simple deseasonalized ARIMA models could be used in one‐ to three‐month‐ahead TDS forecasting at the study site with a simple, explicit model structure and similar model performance as the TFN and ANN models for better water management in the Basin.     

Rural development and ecological management of endogenous resources: the case of mountain olive groves in Los Pedroches comarca (Spain)

In this paper, we explore the dissemination potential of organic farming in Andalucía, using the case of Olivarera de los Pedroches, a small farmer cooperative. This will be done in the search for an agroecological strategy in the olive tree organic agricultural sector. A comparative analysis of organic and conventional olive oil production is made: both in economic terms, and regarding employment creation, taking into account its environmental benefits. This will permit us to shed light on certain elements necessary in the design of rural policies linked to this economic sector, and in the family farming social stratum. After a brief analysis of the Andalucían inequality structure in rural areas—both historically and at present times—this work presents the following issues: (i) a systematic characterization of European olive cultivation, with special reference to the Spanish and Andalucían situations; (ii) an exploration of the socio-economic impact of the case study within the context of the major actors involved, and their relations in terms of its reproducibility, taking into account their relationships with institutional and policy arrangements. Organic agriculture in Spain has developed slowly since 1995—the year in which aid towards this type of production began to be established—and, at present, begins to show an exponential increase. Many farmers began the transition to ecological handling of olive groves. Consequently, the organic management of the olive groves and the sale of organic olive oil can be a stimulus to farmers to increase their profits. Hence, it can be a fundamental pillar on which to establish rural development in areas with a high level of importance concerning this crop. In this work, data clearly show that, in spite of high costs, organic olive farming has advantages over conventional agriculture in terms of incomes and employment. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.