硅藻土强化混凝去除微污染原水中的有机物

研究了联用硅藻土与聚合氯化铝（PAC）强化混凝对有机微污染原水中不同性质溶解性有机物的去除效果。采用超滤膜和XAD系列树脂对微污染原水中溶解性有机物进行分级表征,物理分级表明分子量〈4 kD的溶解性有机物占50%以上,化学分级表明原水中以憎水酸（HoA）和亲水物质（HiM）为主。硅藻土助凝去除溶解性有机物,实验结果表明,当PAC投加量30 mg/L,硅藻土投加量0.5 g/L时,溶解性有机碳去除率由22.5%提高到26.3%。     

Ex situ remediation of contaminated sediments using mineral additives: assessment of pollutant bioavailability with the Microtox solid phase test

The aim of this work is to assess the potential ecotoxicological effects of contaminated sediments treated with mineral additives. The Microtox solid phase test was used to evaluate the effect of mineral additives on the toxicity of sediment suspensions. Four Mediterranean port sediments were studied after dredging and bioremediation: Sample A from navy harbor, sample B from commercial port and samples C and D from pleasure ports. Sediment samples were stabilized with three mineral additives: hematite, zero-valent iron and zeolite. Results show that all studied mineral additives can act as stabilizer agent in highly contaminated sediments (A and C) by decreasing dissolved metal concentrations and sediment toxicity level. On the contrary, for the less contaminated samples (B and D) hematite and zeolite can provoke toxic effect towards Vibrio fischeri since additive particles can favor bacteria retention and decrease bioluminescence emission.     

纳米生态基对水产养殖污水的处理效果

采用三因子四水平的正交设计,实验研究了纳米生态基在不同温度、溶解氧和水力停留时间下对水产养殖污水的处理效果,确定了纳米生态基处理养殖污水的最佳条件。结果表明,含氨氮和亚硝氮浓度较高的模拟养殖污水用纳米生态基挂膜,所需时间约为22 d。纳米生态基对氨氮的去除效果明显,平均去除率达到93.5%。对氨氮去除率的影响程度,水力停留时间>温度>溶解氧。当温度为30℃,DO为5.43 mg/L,HRT为0.33 h时,纳米生态基对氨氮的处理能力最佳,去除率达到94.6%。纳米生态基对亚硝氮的平均去除率为69.3%。对亚硝氮去除率的影响程度,水力停留时间>溶解氧>温度。当温度为21℃,DO为6.40 mg/L,HRT为0.33 h时,纳米生态基对亚硝氮的处理能力最佳,去除率为71.5%。纳米生态基处理养殖污水的最佳条件:温度为30℃,DO为6.40 mg/L,HRT为0.33 h。     

Effect of soil moisture dynamics on dense nonaqueous phase liquid (DNAPL) spill zone architecture in heterogeneous porous media

The amount, location, and form of NAPL in contaminated vadose zones are controlled by the spatial distribution of water saturation and soil permeability, the NAPL spill scenario, water infiltration events, and vapor transport. To evaluate the effects of these processes, we used the three-phase flow simulator STOMP, which includes a new permeability-liquid saturation-capillary pressure (k-S-P) constitutive model. This new constitutive model considers three NAPL forms: free, residual, and trapped. A 2-D vertical cross-section with five stratigraphic layers was assumed, and simulations were performed for seven cases. The conceptual model of the soil heterogeneity was based upon the stratigraphy at the Hanford carbon tetrachloride (CT) spill site. Some cases considered co-disposal of NAPL with large volumes of wastewater, as also occurred at the Hanford CT site. In these cases, the form and location of NAPL were most strongly influenced by high water discharge rates and NAPL evaporation to the atmosphere. In order to investigate the impact of heterogeneity, the hydraulic conductivity within the lower permeability layer was modeled as a realization of a random field having three different classes. For six extreme cases of 100 realizations, the CT mass that reached the water table varied by a factor of two, and was primarily controlled by the degree of lateral connectivity of the low conductivity class within the lowest permeability layer. The grid size at the top boundary had a dramatic impact on NAPL diffusive flux just after the spill event when the NAPL was present near the ground surface. NAPL evaporation with a fine grid spacing at the top boundary decreased CT mass that reached the water table by 74%, compared to the case with a coarse grid spacing, while barometric pumping had a marginal effect for the case of a continuous NAPL spill scenario considered in this work. For low water infiltration rate scenarios, the distribution of water content prior to a NAPL spill event decreased CT mass that reached the water table by 98% and had a significant impact on the formation of trapped NAPL. For all cases simulated, use of the new constitutive model that allows the formation of residual NAPL increased the amount of NAPL retained in the vadose zone. Density-driven advective gas flow from the ground surface controlled vapor migration in strongly anisotropic layers, causing NAPL mass flux to the lower layer to be reduced. These simulations indicate that consideration of the formation of residual and trapped NAPLs and dynamic boundary conditions (e.g., areas, rates, and periods of different NAPL and water discharge and fluctuations of atmospheric pressure) in the context of full three-phase flow are needed, especially for NAPL spill events at the ground surface. In addition, NAPL evaporation, density-driven gas advection, and NAPL vertical movement enhanced by water flow must be considered in order to predict NAPL distribution and migration in the vadose zone.     

污水厂Carrousel氧化沟溶解氧和速度分布的研究

对长沙某污水处理厂的Carrousel氧化沟进行现场测试，获得不同截面的溶解氧和速度的数据，探讨了表曝机台数、沟深、沟的长宽比、进出水位置对溶解氧和速度的影响。初步掌握了该Carrousel氧化沟内溶解氧和速度的变化规律，认为通过调节倒伞形表面曝气机，可以在沟内不同区段创造好氧与缺氧的环境，为最终实现同步硝化反硝化的高效运行做准备。     

热解析-固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定空气样品中挥发性有机化合物

建立了热解析-固相微萃取-气相色谱法测定空气样品中挥发性有机化合物的分析方法,并对色谱分离条件、玻璃针筒保存样品的稳定性、固相微萃取萃取纤维、萃取时间、色谱进样时间等条件进行了优化,9种挥发性有机化合物的峰面积与其质量浓度在所测范围内有较好的线性关系,相对标准偏差＜8.8%,检出限为0.05～0.75 μg/100 mL,满足实际空气样品测定需要。     

HNO_3在气相及SiO_2表面的紫外光解反应

利用紫外及红外吸收光谱等分析手段对365 nm光照下HNO3在气相与SiO2表面的光解反应进行了研究.考察了HNO3浓度、光照时间、相对湿度等条件对反应的影响.结果表明:随着HNO3浓度及光照时间的增加,光解产生的NO2和NO浓度均呈指数增加;无水汽情况下,400 Pa的HNO3光解45 min后,产生NO2及NO浓度比气相光解产生的分别高约3及1.7倍.HNO3光解产生的HONO的浓度随相对湿度的增加而呈线性增加,在SiO2颗粒物表面光解产生的NO2浓度随着相对湿度的增加而减少,而NO浓度则随之增大.400 Pa的HNO3光照45 min后,SiO2表面光解产生的HONO浓度是气相光解的3倍、SiO2表面暗反应的约30倍.     

紫色土小流域土壤及氮磷流失特征研究

紫色土区土壤及其养分流失对长江水环境产生严重威胁。然而,有关该地区自然降雨侵蚀下土壤及氮磷流失规律的研究却较为少见。以紫色土农田利用为主小流域为研究对象,监测自然降雨侵蚀下土壤及其氮磷的流失过程,以期服务于流域尺度土壤及养分流失的模拟与控制。结果表明,次降雨径流含沙量与流量的变化基本同步,峰值含沙量往往出现在峰值流量处或略有提前,此后,含沙量迅速降低。硝态氮流失浓度与流量的变化成反比,峰值流量处流失浓度一般达到最低,此后,随着流量的降低,其流失浓度存在较为明显的升高过程。铵态氮与水溶性磷的流失表现为剧烈波动的变化特征。氮素流失的主要形态是硝态氮,其占到次降雨无机氮流失总量的88%～97%。     

可溶性有机物对土壤汞向大气释放的影响

通过模拟试验,研究了浸提自稻草、腐殖土和堆肥的可溶性有机物(DOM)对紫色潮土、紫色土和黄壤三种土壤中汞向大气释放的影响.结果表明,DOM尤其是堆肥DOM能有效地抑制土壤汞向大气的释放,且土壤中DOM添加量越高,土壤汞释放量越少,即DOM对土壤汞释放的抑制作用越强;不同土壤类型,DOM的抑制作用不同,三种土壤汞释放量大小顺序均为:紫色潮土紫色土黄壤.