黄河支流非点源污染物(N、P)排放量的估算

为了估算黄河支流域非点源污染物的排放量,为今后黄河流域的治理提供科学的依据,对黄河流域的6个子流域(渭河流域、泾河流域、洛河流域、无定河流域、窟野河流域、黄甫川流域)进行了水样、土样和泥沙样的采集分析;结合6个子流域的多年水文资料,利用已经被证明了的平均浓度法对黄河6个子流域的氮磷污染物进行了定量描述,估算出各个流域的氮磷排放量.结果表明,95%的全磷、大于53%的全氮来自于非点源污染,非点源污染是造成黄河污染的主要原因.各流域非点源污染的发生具有明显的地域分异特征.硝态氮主要来自于渭河,铵态氮主要来自于泾河,其次是渭河.从全氮看,绝大部分氮来自于渭河和泾河.全磷则主要来自于泾河,其次是渭河.泾河和渭河是6条河流中对黄河污染物排放量贡献最大的2条河流.     

开放源对环境空气质量影响的评估技术与实例

开放源排放的颗粒物已经成为城市环境大气颗粒物的主要来源之一,介绍了其对环境空气质量影响的评估技术,采用开放源的动力学经验公式测算S市粉煤灰场、原煤堆场、土堆、沙石料堆4类开放源不同粒径颗粒物的起动风速及扩散距离,并利用箱模型(A值)和源解析(化学质量平衡法,CMB)模型测算开放源的区域年均起尘量及其对环境空气中颗粒物的贡献值.结果表明:开放源排放的颗粒物易升腾而且影响面积很大;S市区开放源类排放的小于100 μm的颗粒物约22.2×104 t/a,小于10 μm的颗粒物约15.8×104 t/a;开放源对环境空气中TSP的贡献值约370 μg/m3,质量浓度分担率达60%,对PM₁₀的贡献值约263 μg/m3,分担率达64%.      

快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量方法研究进展

介绍了3种快速预测畜禽粪便肥料成分含量的方法,包括比重计测定法、电导仪测定法以及近红外光谱分析法。其中比重计法是基于比重与干物质之间较好的相关性进行测量的,因此它是一种间接预测粪便中的总氮、总磷的方法;电导仪预测铵态氮和总钾含量的精度较高,其中猪、牛粪便稀释以后的相关系数高于稀释前的相关系数;近红外光谱分析法则可快速地预测总氮、铵态氮、硝态氮以及水分等含量,并且精度较高。因此,可以用比重计法、电导仪法以及近红外光谱法快速预测畜禽粪便中的肥料成分含量。     

长江经济带绿色城镇化效率评价及其影响因素——基于多维城镇化视角

本文引入资源和环境因素,以城镇化综合指数为期望产出,运用SBM方向性距离函数测算了2010—2020年长江经济带112个地级市（州）的绿色城镇化效率,并采用空间面板模型和地理探测器对绿色城镇化效率的影响因素进行实证分析。结果表明：长江经济带绿色城镇化效率整体水平不高,下游地区绿色城镇化效率高于上游和中游地区,资源消耗和环境污染是效率损失的主要来源;绿色城镇化效率表现出较为明显的热点—次热点—次冷点—冷点自东向西的带状分布格局,存在显著的空间正相关性。政府财政支出对绿色城镇化效率产生负向影响,外商直接投资和产业结构对提升绿色城镇化效率有显著的促进作用,且三者的影响具有地区差异性;市场力因素有利于绿色城镇化效率的提高。邻近城市间绿色城镇化效率的空间溢出效应明显,且空间溢出效应是长江经济带绿色城镇化效率空间差异的最主要因素,各因素的影响具有协同增强的作用。     

高压储氢系统泄漏爆炸事故的动力学演化

为研究燃料氢气泄漏、爆炸的特性和规律,预防高压储氢系统中氢气泄漏爆炸事故发生,以加氢站为背景,数值仿真45 MPa高压储罐氢气泄漏并引发爆炸事故,分析泄漏爆炸动力学性质以及爆炸波在非均匀氢气浓度中的传播机制。同时,基于泄漏爆炸事故演化的力学机理,开展氢气泄漏爆炸动态风险分析,针对氢气不同泄漏量,建立泄漏扩散形成的气云体积、气云爆炸产生的冲击波与空间x,z方向上危害距离之间关系。研究结果表明：氢气泄漏过程中,气云氢气浓度变化与流场雷诺数具有较好一致性;氢气扩散受到高压储氢罐周围装置影响,流场中氢气浓度分布不均匀;当发生燃烧爆炸事故时,冲击波参数和湍动能变化梯度大;得到复杂布局区域冲击波超压峰值与比例距离之间关系式,其相比于理论方法更精细、计算结果更准确。研究结果可为降低高压储氢系统泄漏爆炸事故后果、采取有效防护措施提供一定依据。     

应对恐怖爆炸袭击建筑物防护的研究现状综述

使用人体炸弹、邮件炸弹、箱包炸弹和汽车炸弹对目标进行恐怖爆炸袭击,是当前恐怖主义活动中最常采用的方式。大当量的箱包炸弹和汽车炸弹对建筑物的破坏作用尤为严重,一旦成功实施将会对建筑物造成严重破坏,并对建筑内人员的生命安全形成巨大威胁。本文针对性的介绍了爆炸荷载作用下建筑物的响应情况、不同防护距离和防护等级下建筑物的破坏情况和程度,总结了国内外对于建筑物承受爆炸荷载时的防护距离和荷载计算方面的规定,可供重要建筑物防恐怖爆炸袭击的防护技术、防护措施的研究参考。     

近距煤层无煤柱协调开采布局研究与应用*

为了解决老母矿近距煤层的开采难题,通过理论分析并利用FLAC 3D数值模拟软件进行模拟,分析出煤层前后推进150 m是最合理的步距,侧向采动支撑压力在15~50 m内存在影响。基于这些理论数据,确定回采巷道的合理位置,进而确定以内错距离范围为30~60 m的内错式布置方式布置巷道和无煤柱协调开采布局,并进行井下工程应用。最后把无煤柱协调开采布局与双巷掘进开采布局对比,得出无煤柱协调开采布局的先进性和优势,研究结果可为同类条件下的工程应用提供借鉴。     

Predicting Water Quality Impaired Stream Segments using Landscape-Scale Data and a Regional Geostatistical Model: A Case Study in Maryland

In the United States, probability-based water quality surveys are typically used to meet the requirements of Section 305(b) of the Clean Water Act. The survey design allows an inference to be generated concerning regional stream condition, but it cannot be used to identify water quality impaired stream segments. Therefore, a rapid and cost-efficient method is needed to locate potentially impaired stream segments throughout large areas. We fit a set of geostatistical models to 312 samples of dissolved organic carbon (DOC) collected in 1996 for the Maryland Biological Stream Survey using coarse-scale watershed characteristics. The models were developed using two distance measures, straight-line distance (SLD) and weighted asymmetric hydrologic distance (WAHD). We used the Corrected Spatial Akaike Information Criterion and the mean square prediction error to compare models. The SLD models predicted more variability in DOC than models based on WAHD for every autocovariance model except the spherical model. The SLD model based on the Mariah autocovariance model showed the best fit (r² = 0.72). DOC demonstrated a positive relationship with the watershed attributes percent water, percent wetlands, and mean minimum temperature, but was negatively correlated to percent felsic rock type. We used universal kriging to generate predictions and prediction variances for 3083 stream segments throughout Maryland. The model predicted that 90.2% of stream kilometers had DOC values less than 5 mg/l, 6.7% were between 5 and 8 mg/l, and 3.1% of streams produced values greater than 8 mg/l. The geostatistical model generated more accurate DOC predictions than previous models, but did not fit the data equally well throughout the state. Consequently, it may be necessary to develop more than one geostatistical model to predict stream DOC throughout Maryland. Our methodology is an improvement over previous methods because additional field sampling is not necessary, inferences about regional stream condition can be made, and it can be used to locate potentially impaired stream segments. Further, the model results can be displayed visually, which allows results to be presented to a wide variety of audiences easily.     

“Science is Everywhere,but No One Knows It”: Assessing the Cultural Distance to Science of Rural South African Publics

ABSTRACT

In science communication, a prerequisite for reaching different parts of a society is to find out how these publics experience and interpret science. Since rural South African publics are perceived to exhibit a large cultural distance to science, the present exploratory study aimed to know in more detail how rural South Africans perceive and understand science in their local and social contexts. Theoretical notions on cultural distance and the methodological approach of segmentation studies were considered. Semi-structured interviews with rural South Africans were carried out in four towns (n?=?52) that differ with respect to having a large scientific installation in their vicinity, or not. Sensitively comparing local and social contexts helped identifying three different publics who differed regarding their perceptions of science; however, the large scientific installations only made a difference in perceptions for those publics who were generally less exposed to and less knowledgeable about science.     

不同模糊评价方法在水环境质量评价中的应用比较

近年来,运用模糊评价方法对水质和水体营养化程度进行评价逐渐受到重视。目前,对模糊评价方法的研究多集中在实测数据标准化、权重的确定和模糊模式识别模型研究几个方面。以滇池历年营养物质数据为实测数据,通过对几种实测数据标准化方法、权重确定方法和模糊模式识别方法的组合应用,获得水环境质量模糊评价最优组合方法。结果表明,在评价方法中,实测数据标准化方法采用线性内插法,权重的确定采用超标倍数法,模糊模式识别模型采用广义海明距离和加权海明距离法,即采用超标倍数法的广义海明距离和加权海明距离法能够更真实反映水环境质量的实际情况。