高含氮印染废水强化脱氮处理组合工艺

为考察UASB-A/LO/O（缺氧/低氧/好氧）组合工艺的实际应用效果,将该工艺应用到规模为6 000 t/d的实际工程中,考察其对高含氮印染废水处理效果,同时采用微生物高通量测序对A/LO/O工艺中的微生物菌群结构进行解析.结果表明:在前处理废水进水流量为100 m3/h,染色废水进水流量为150 m3/h,同时A/LO/O工艺污泥回流比为50%左右情况下,COD_Cr、NH₃-N和TN的去除率分别达到91.6%、95.5%和73.5%;染色和前处理废水在改良UASB内均实现了高效厌氧氨化,染色废水厌氧出水中ρ（NH₃-N）/ρ（TN）保持在80%以上,前处理废水厌氧出水保持在85%以上;调节UASB运行参数可对VFAs（挥发性脂肪酸）进行有效调控,从而为后段反硝化工艺提供高品质碳源,实现高效脱氮;A/LO/O系统对COD_Cr、NH₃-N、TN有较好的去除效果,其脱氮性能主要靠变性菌门（Proteobateria）发挥作用,该系统中低氧池的微生物种类最为丰富且发生短程硝化反硝化,对污染物去除贡献最大,当低氧池△ρ（COD_Cr）/△ρ（TN）在18.6左右时,TN去除率最高,达到82%.研究显示,该组合工艺对工程中高含氮印染废水的脱氮效果良好.      

辽宁省土壤水分的时空变化格局分析

文章利用基于微波遥感的土壤水分产品评价辽宁省近40年(1979~2015)来干旱事件的时空变化特征。研究结果表明:辽宁省地表土壤水分呈现东高西低的空间分布;采用了一种具有时-频多分辨功能的小波分析(Wavelet Analysis)来更好地研究土壤水分时间序列变化规律,发现辽宁省年平均土壤水分随着时间具有波动降低趋势,并伴随有10年和20年左右的两个主要周期;从季节上看,四个季节的土壤水分时间序列变化十分剧烈,春夏两季土壤水分呈现出增加趋势,秋冬两季的土壤水分呈现出降低趋势。     

某钢铁企业颗粒物无组织排放核算与监测对比分析

以济南东部老工业区一家大型钢铁企业为例,通过前期调研和排放系数核算出颗粒物(TSP)排放总量,再运用公式计算出厂区周边不同距离颗粒物(TSP)的落地浓度。将该落地浓度与厂区周边颗粒物(TSP)的监测值进行对比分析,充分印证了连续点源扩散的高斯模式的准确性和可行性。随着气流经过该厂区,对比上下风向监测点位颗粒物(TSP)浓度迅速升高(增大1.04倍),下风向颗粒物(TSP)浓度超出二级标准1.32倍;颗粒物(TSP)的落地浓度在厂区不同距离上的浓度变化明显,从0.1到10 km其落地浓度稀释了约3 500倍,距离>4 km时,无组织排放的颗粒物(TSP)对周围空气质量直接影响有限。     

北方高盐景观水体氮磷时空分布特征及富营养化评价

为掌握北方高盐景观水体的水环境状况,选取天津市中新生态城3个景观水体(清净湖、蓟运河和蓟运河故道)为研究对象,于2013年12月—2014年11月对其进行定期取样监测,开展水体氮磷污染特征分析及富营养化评价。结果表明:1)蓟运河、清净湖和蓟运河故道的TDS均值分别为3.42,4.64,20.2 g/L,属于高盐景观水体;2)水体TN和TP浓度逐月变化显著,水质整体上冬春季优于夏秋季,其中蓟运河TP和TN的浓度最大,且波动较大;3)根据TN/TP比值判定,研究区水体除清净湖在短时间表现为氮限制外,水体大部分时间段内表现为磷限制,P为主要限制因子;4)富营养化评价表明:水体均处于富营养状态,且有蓟运河蓟运河故道清净湖;5)相关性结果表明:TDS与电导率、水温及EI呈显著正相关,相关系数分别为0.905、0.822和0.645,盐度也是影响富营养化的关键因素。     

燃煤烟气同时脱硫脱硝方法的研究进展及分析

近年来,烟气同时脱硫脱硝技术因占地面积小,可同时控制多种污染物而引起广泛的关注,但该技术多数仍停留在实验阶段。文章重点介绍了等离子体法、固相吸附法、溶液吸收法及微生物法等方法研究进展,对各方法的脱硫脱硝特点及功效进行评述,分析其问题与不足,并提出燃煤烟气同时脱硫脱硝方法的研究方向,为同时脱硫脱硝技术的改进提出建议。     

废旧印刷线路板电解过程中铜的分布特性

以废旧印刷线路板粉末为原材料,采用压片电解方法回收单质铜,研究了CuSO_4·5H2O浓度、H_2SO_4浓度、电流密度、电解时间和NaCl浓度对电解过程中Cu分布特性的影响。结果表明:废旧印刷线路板中的Cu以Cu2+的形式进入溶液,最终以粉末形式沉积在阴极;过高的H_2SO_4浓度、电流密度和NaCl浓度会导致析氢反应等,从而降低Cu在阴极和溶液中的分布;当CuSO_4·5H_2O浓度、H_2SO_4浓度、电流密度、电解时间、NaCl浓度分别为50 g/L、6 mol/L、80 m A/cm~2、5 h、40 g/L时,Cu在阴极、溶液、阳极泥中的分布比率分别为63.16%、34.14%和2.70%。     

进水有机负荷对三级生物滴滤池脱氮除磷的影响

试验采用三级(好氧/兼氧/好氧)多层组合填料生物滴滤池处理模拟生活污水,探索强化脱氮除磷工艺。考察了在相同水力负荷和布水周期下,改变进水有机负荷对COD、NH_4~+-N、TN和TP去除率的影响,并用扫描电镜和X射线衍射(XRD)对填料进行辅助分析。研究结果表明,三级串联生物滴滤池的组合相比传统的单级或两级生物滴滤池反应器处理效果更好。第1级和第2级生物滴滤池去除COD、NH_4~+-N和TN效果较好,贡献率合计分别为93.0%、91.2%和91.4%。第1级和第3级生物滴滤池除磷效果较好,贡献率合计91.4%。有机负荷为0.328~0.392 kg/(m~3·d)时,系统总体去除效果最好。     

原始红松林退化演替后土壤微生物功能多样性的变化

为了全面了解原始红松林退化演替为次生林后土壤生境及土壤微生物功能多样性的变化规律,以小兴安岭典型的原始阔叶红松林、退化演替后先锋阶段的白桦林及亚顶级阶段的硬阔叶林为研究对象,采用Biolog-ECO微平板检测法,分析三者0~ < 10 cm和10~20 cm表层土的土壤微生物功能多样性变化规律.结果表明:各林型土壤微生物的AWCD值（平均颜色变化率）随培养时间的延长而增加,培养初期表现为原始阔叶红松林>硬阔叶林>白桦林;培养末期表现为原始阔叶红松林>白桦林>硬阔叶林,三者的AWCD值在0~ < 10 cm土层分别为1.06、0.86、0.81,10~20 cm土层分别为0.68、0.47、0.45,原始林显著高于次生林（P < 0.05）,说明原始林土壤微生物对单一碳源的代谢活性显著高于次生林;同一林型下土壤微生物的AWCD值均表现为0~ < 10 cm土层显著高于10~20 cm土层（P < 0.05）. Shannon-Wiener多样性指数、Simpson指数、McIntosh指数和Richness丰富度指数也均表现为原始林显著高于次生林（P < 0.05）.原始林土壤微生物对各类碳源的综合利用强度均大于次生林,不同林型下土壤微生物群落的优势碳源类型存在一定的差异,碳水类、氨基酸类、羧酸类和多聚物类碳源是原始林退化演替后土壤微生物群落在碳源利用上发生变化的敏感碳源.      

Determination of 15 phthalate esters in air by gas-phase and particle-phase simultaneous sampling

Based on previous research, the sampling and analysis methods for phthalate esters (PAEs) were improved by increasing the sampling flow of indoor air from 1 to 4 L/min, shortening the sampling duration from 8 to 2 hr. Meanwhile, through the optimization of chromatographic conditions, the concentrations of 9 additional PAE pollutants in indoor air were measured. The optimized chromatographic conditions required a similar amount of time for analysis as before, but gave high responsivity, the capability of simultaneously distinguishing 15 kinds of PAEs, and a high level of discrimination between individual sample peaks, as well as stable peak generation. The recovery rate of all gas-phase and particle-phase samples of the 15 kinds of PAEs ranged from 91.26% to 109.42%, meeting the quantitative analysis requirements for indoor and outdoor air sampling and analysis. For the first time, investigation of the concentration levels as well as characteristics of 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from four different traffic micro-environments (private vehicles, busses, taxis and subways) was carried out, along with validation of the optimized sampling and analytical method. The results show that all the 9 additional PAEs could be detected at relatively high pollution levels in the indoor air from the four traffic micro-environments. As none of the pollution levels of the 15 kinds of PAEs in the indoor air from the 4 traffic micro-environments should be neglected, it is of great significance to increase the types of PAEs able to be detected in indoor air.     

Tissue distribution of perfluoroalkyl acids and health status in wild Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) from Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa

This study examined concentrations of 15 perfluoroalkyl acids (PFAAs) in tissues from male Mozambique tilapia (Oreochromis mossambicus) collected at Loskop Dam, Mpumalanga, South Africa in 2014 and 2016. Nine of the 15 PFAAs were detected frequently and were included in statistical analysis and included two of the most commonly known PFAAs, perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS) (median, 41.6 ng/g) and perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) (median, 0.0825 ng/g). Of the tissues measured, plasma (2016 and 2014 median, 22.2 ng/g) contained the highest PFAA burden followed by (in descending order): liver (median, 11.6 ng/g), kidney (median, 9.04 ng/g), spleen (median, 5.92 ng/g), adipose (median, 2.54 ng/g), and muscle (median, 1.11 ng/g). Loskop Dam tilapia have been affected by an inflammatory disease of the adipose tissue known as pansteatitis, so this study also aimed to investigate relationships between PFAA tissue concentrations and incidence of pansteatitis or fish health status. Results revealed that healthy tilapia exhibited an overall higher (p-value < 0.05) PFAA burden than pansteatitis-affected tilapia across all tissues. Further analysis showed that organs previously noted in the literature to contain the highest PFAA concentrations, such as kidney, liver, and plasma, were the organs driving the difference in PFAA burden between the two tilapia groups. Care must be taken in the interpretations we draw from not only the results of our study, but also other PFAA measurements made on populations (human and wildlife alike) under differing health status.