南四湖微山湖区沉积物磷形态分布特征

为了解南四湖污染底泥磷形态分布规律,对南四湖微山湖区0～25 cm沉积物分层进行了磷形态连续提取.结果表明,湖区沉积物中Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P、Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P和Org-P平均含量分别为5.62、 4.08、 12.25、 13.34、 116.67、 232.36和396.79 mg/kg,不同形态磷含量次序为：Al-P＜Ex-P＜Fe-P＜Oc-P＜Ca-P＜De-P＜Org-P.沉积物中各形态磷含量在垂直方向上呈现明显的规律性,易交换态磷（Ex-P）、铁结合态磷（Fe-P）、闭蓄态磷（Oc-P）、有机磷（Org-P）含量随深度增加而逐渐降低,而铝结合态磷（Al-P）、钙结合态磷（Ca-P）、碎屑磷（De-P）含量则呈逐渐增加趋势.Sum1（Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P之和）与上覆水PO^3-₄浓度呈显著正相关,其中Fe-P与水体磷酸盐含量关系相对比较密切,其相关系数高达0.72.沉积物磷形态在空间分布上,Oc-P、Ca-P、De-P 等惰性磷的差异性小于Ex-P、Al-P、Fe-P等潜在活性磷,Org-P介于二者之间.     

攀枝花尾矿库溪流中钒的分布及化学形态

采用ICP-AES方法测定攀枝花尾矿库溪流水、悬浮物、沉积物中钒的含量,以及沉积物中钒的化学形态,结果表明:不同介质中钒的含量均高于全球钒的平均值;钒主要存在于沉积物及悬浮物中;水相中钒的含量主要与沉积物中钒的含量及存在形态有关;沉积物中的钒以残留态为主,各形态钒的比例主要受上覆水体理化性质的影响.     

LY12CZ铝合金腐蚀损伤的概率分布及其变化规律

采用铜加速乙酸盐雾试验方法对LY12CZ铝合金腐蚀行为进行了研究。结果表明：腐蚀深度服从Gumbel分布、正态分布、威布尔分布和对数正态4种分布。选用正态分布描述了LY12CZ铝合金在盐雾环境下的腐蚀损伤的分布特性,并得出了不同置信度和可靠度下腐蚀深度随时间变化的规律。     

外生菌根对欧洲赤松苗(Pinussylvestris)Cu、Zn积累和分配的影响

通过测定２种不同施锌和施铜水平下苗木和离体菌丝中铜锌含量研究了接种外生菌根（Ｓｕｉｌｌｕｓｂｏｖｉｎｕｓ）对欧洲赤松（Ｐｉ－ｎｕｓｓｙｌｖｅｓｔｒｉｓ）苗生长和微量元素积累和分配的影响． 结果表明菌丝的侵染增加了苗木生长同时也增加了植物体内重金属的含量．然而菌根植物中的重金属大部分分布在根部在铜处理中菌根植物地下部分的铜含量是无菌根植物的２．６倍在锌处理中锌是无菌根植物的１．３ 倍． 说明菌丝侵染使植物将过量的重金属滞留在根部从而增加了植物对过量重金属的抗性．通过进一步测定培养在过量重金属中的离体菌丝的重金属含量结果显示随着外界重金属浓度的增加菌丝分泌物内重金属含量比菌丝内重金属含量增加快说明滞留在根部的重金属可能并没有进入根系而是以某种形态滞留在菌丝分泌物和菌丝内．     

Spatial variability of organochlorine pesticides （DDTs and HCHs） in surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing, China

The spatial variability in the concentrations of 1,2,3,4,5,6-hexachlorocyclohexane (HCH) and 1,1,1-trichloro-2,2-bis-(p-chlorophenyl) ethane (DDT) in surface soils was studied on the basis of the analysis of 131 soil samples collected from the surface layer (0-20 cm depth) of the alluvial region of Beijing, China. The concentrations of total HCHs (including α-, β-, γ-, and δ-isomers) and total DDTs (i ncluding p,p'-DDT, p,p'-DDD, p,p'-DDE, and o,p'-DDT) in the surface soils tested were in the range from nondetectable to 31.72 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 0.91, and from nondetectable to 5910.83 μg/kg dry soil, with a mean value of 32.13,respectively. It was observed that concentrations of HCHs in all soil samples and concentrations of DDTs in 112 soil samples were much lower than the first grade (50 μg/kg) permitted in "Environment quality standard for soils in China (GB15618-1995)". This suggests that the pollution due to organochlorine pesticides was generally not significant in the farmland soils in the Beijing alluvial region. In this study, the spatial distribution and trend of HCHs and DDTs were analyzed using Geostatistical Analyst and GS (513).Spatial distribution indicated how these pesticides had been applied in the past. Trend analysis showed that the concentrations of HCHs,DDTs, and their related metabolites followed an obvious distribution trend in the surface soils from the alluvial region of Beijing.     

韩国西海岸地区停车场径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征研究

为了解沿海地区城市停车场内径流携带沉积物的粒径分布及污染特征,于2011年4—6月在韩国西海岸12个不同停车场采集了沉积物样品,分别分析了其粒径分布和各粒径中污染物质的含量.结果表明,不同采样点的废弃物形态差异较大,主要表现在较大的植物茎叶、烟蒂及动物粪便等废弃物和含水率等方面.不同采样点的颗粒物粒径大小不同,其颗粒物的均一性也有所差异.总体来讲,106～500μm之间的颗粒物是径流携带沉积物的主要组成部分,其平均质量分数占总体(<2360μm)颗粒物的59.9%.对不同粒径中污染物质的含量分析得出,颗粒物中污染物质的含量随粒径增大而减小.其中,<106μm的颗粒物中总氮、总磷、COD和挥发性物质的质量分别占各污染物总量的18.9%、17.8%、20.41%和18.9%,而该部分颗粒物本身的平均质量分数只有3.9%.可见<106μm的颗粒物处于高度污染状态.因此,在城市停车场面源污染管理中,应该对该部分高度污染的颗粒物给以足够的重视.对于不同污染特征的颗粒物应该采用不同的去除方法.     

长江口滨岸水和沉积物中多环芳烃分布特征与生态风险评价

通过测定长江口滨岸9个典型采样点上覆水与表层沉积物样品中的多环芳烃(PAHs)污染水平,分析其组成、时空分布特征及其影响因素,并进行了生态风险评价.结果显示,枯季上覆水中PAHs浓度高于洪季,平均浓度分别为1 988 ng/L和1 727ng/L;表层沉积物中的PAHs也为枯季高于洪季,平均浓度分别为1 154 ng/g和605 ng/g;Phe是水和沉积物中PAH的主要成分.温度是控制上覆水中PAHs季节性差异的主要因素,而有机碳(OC)与碳黑(SC)则控制着沉积物中PAHs的富集;长江口滨岸复杂的水动力条件与各种人类活动产生的污染物输入影响了PAHs的空间分布,在一定程度上也导致了河口滨岸PAHs来源的复杂性.生态风险评价结果显示,长江口滨岸水-沉积物间的PAHs在一定程度上可能对该区生物造成潜在不利影响.其中,上覆水中个别PAH化合物的浓度水平已达到欧美等国生态毒理评价标准或超过了美国EPA水质标准,BaP浓度超过了我国地表水环境质量标准的规定浓度;表层沉积物中部分PAH化合物的含量超过了ER-L值和ISQV-L值.     

上海市郊区大气细颗粒和超细颗粒物中元素粒径分布研究

用同步辐射X荧光光谱分析了上海市郊区大气细颗粒和超细颗粒物（0.028 7～2.40 μm）中元素粒径分布、质量中值粒径、元素相关性和不同粒径颗粒物中的富集因子.Ca、Ti主要分布于粒径>2 μm的颗粒物中,它们之间的相关系数达0.933,富集因子在0.1～3.2之间,且与粒径无明显关联,主要来自土壤扬尘等自然来源.V、Cr、Mn、Ni、Zn、Cu、Pb、Cl、S等元素主要分布在0.1～1.0 μm颗粒物中,质量中值粒径在0.56～0.94 μm之间.V、Cr、Ni、Cu、Zn、Pb显著富集,且富集程度随粒径减小而增大.其中Pb在超细颗粒物（<0.1 μm）中的富集因子达2 023.7～2 244.2,远大于在细颗粒和 PM_2.5中的富集程度.这些元素主要来自燃油、燃煤、冶金和机动车尾气等人为污染.Fe在>0.2 μm颗粒物中分布较均匀,质量中值粒径1.3 μm.除了局部污染源,远距离传输对该地区大气颗粒物污染有不可忽略的影响.     

天津中东部平原区土壤盐分空间分布特征

土壤盐渍化是滨海地区生态保护修复的重要影响因素。为了解天津平原地区土壤盐渍化程度,沿永定新河、海河干流和独流减河3条入海河流海陆方向开展堤外土壤盐分采样调查,结合地统计学和GIS技术,分析海陆方向土壤盐分的空间梯度和变异特征,以期为天津生态保护修复和陆海统筹提供科学依据。结果表明:土壤水溶性盐含量和碱化度整体呈自东南向西北递减的趋势;重度及以上盐渍化土主要分布在海岸线向陆地纵深15 km的滨海新区,其中盐土、重度碱化土主要分布在大港距海10 km内、塘沽与汉沽距海5 km内;中度盐渍化土主要分布在独流减河沿线距海15~60 km内;轻度盐渍化土主要分布在海河干流沿线距海10~60 km内。土壤阳离子以Na+为主;从海岸线向陆域方向,土壤阴离子从以Cl-、 SO 4 2 - 为主逐步过渡到以 SO 4 2 - 、 CO 3 2 - + HCO 3 - 为主。独流减河一线盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-氯化物和氯化物-硫酸盐为主;海河干流中部平原区盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-苏打为主;永定新河一线盐渍土类型以硫酸盐-氯化物和苏打-硫酸盐为主。     

Spatial Patterns of Breeding Success of Grizzly Bears Derived from Hierarchical Multistate Models

Conservation programs often manage populations indirectly through the landscapes in which they live. Empirically, linking reproductive success with landscape structure and anthropogenic change is a first step in understanding and managing the spatial mechanisms that affect reproduction, but this link is not sufficiently informed by data. Hierarchical multistate occupancy models can forge these links by estimating spatial patterns of reproductive success across landscapes. To illustrate, we surveyed the occurrence of grizzly bears (Ursus arctos) in the Canadian Rocky Mountains Alberta, Canada. We deployed camera traps for 6 weeks at 54 surveys sites in different types of land cover. We used hierarchical multistate occupancy models to estimate probability of detection, grizzly bear occupancy, and probability of reproductive success at each site. Grizzly bear occupancy varied among cover types and was greater in herbaceous alpine ecotones than in low‐elevation wetlands or mid‐elevation conifer forests. The conditional probability of reproductive success given grizzly bear occupancy was 30% (SE = 0.14). Grizzly bears with cubs had a higher probability of detection than grizzly bears without cubs, but sites were correctly classified as being occupied by breeding females 49% of the time based on raw data and thus would have been underestimated by half. Repeated surveys and multistate modeling reduced the probability of misclassifying sites occupied by breeders as unoccupied to <2%. The probability of breeding grizzly bear occupancy varied across the landscape. Those patches with highest probabilities of breeding occupancy—herbaceous alpine ecotones—were small and highly dispersed and are projected to shrink as treelines advance due to climate warming. Understanding spatial correlates in breeding distribution is a key requirement for species conservation in the face of climate change and can help identify priorities for landscape management and protection. Patrones Espaciales del Éxito Reproductivo de Osos Pardos, Derivados de Modelos Jerárquicos Multi‐Estado