35kV并联电抗器工频电磁场分布特性研究

针对500kV变电站内产生较高工频磁场强度的电气设备——35kV并联电抗器,研究不同类型、不同排列方式下35kV并联电抗器周围工频电磁场分布规律。结果表明,35kV并联电抗器的电磁场强度随着离开电抗器中心距离的增加而降低,三角形排列的电抗器磁场强度大于水平排列的。     

湍球塔内气流分布优化的数值计算及试验

通过对湍球塔 (TCA)内三维流场的数值计算 ,找到了较佳的结构参数 ,在此基础上进行的试验表明 ,计算结果与试验结果相吻合。计算程序可为 TCA的设计及保证其长期安全经济运行提供理论依据。     

Formation characteristics of polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins, polychlorinated dibenzofurans, and coplanar PCBs in fly ash from a gasification–melting process of municipal solid waste

PCDDs/DF and Co-PCB (dioxin) formations were studied with ash from a newly developed gasification and melting process for municipal solid waste. Ash samples were heated in a laboratory-scale fixed-bed reactor. Emphasis was placed on the effects of the type and composition of ash, temperatures, gas residence time, and gaseous organic precursors. Investigations using macroscopic and homologue distribution analyses led to the following conclusion. The ash from the gasification–melting process had the ability to generate dioxins in flue gas. A possible carbon source is unburned carbon in the ash samples, although this was very low (less than 0.01%). An experimental result that the level of dioxins generated from preheated fly ash obtained from a conventional incinerator was much lower than that from nonheated fly ash supported this conclusion. Dioxin concentrations obviously showed temperature dependence and peaked at 350°C. Dioxins formed in a gasification–melting process ash were readily desorbed from the surface, probably because of the low carbon content of the ash. There was no experimental evidence that gaseous organic precursors fed to the reactor generated dioxins. Therefore, an organic precursor was not essential for the formation of dioxins. A good linear relationship obtained between PCDDs/DFs and gas residence time also supported the assumption. Received: February 14, 2000 / Accepted: June 30, 2000     

2018—2021年安徽省PM2.5和O3时空分布特征及其健康风险分析

利用2018—2021年安徽省空气质量监测数据分析了PM_2.5和O₃时空分布特征及其引发的健康风险。结果表明:从时间分布来看,2018—2021年安徽省PM_2.5年均值下降25.5%,而O₃-8 h年均值则保持持平;PM_2.5和O₃-8 h月均值具有明显的季节变化特征,PM_2.5月均质量浓度和超标天数均在冬季达到最大值,O₃-8 h月均值和超标天数则在夏季达到最大值。从空间分布来看,PM_2.5、O₃-8 h年均值和超标天数均为皖北最高,其次为皖中,最后为皖南。夏季O₃是主要的健康风险因子,冬季PM_2.5是主要的健康风险因子。当PM_2.5超标时,除2021年皖北地区外(PM₁₀是主要的健康风险因子),PM_2.5均是主要的健康风险因子;当O₃-8 h超标时,O₃是主要的健康风险因子。     

AFTER THE 1993 FLOOD: A WATER AND SURFICIAL BED SEDIMENT QUALITY SCENARIO ON THE ILLINOIS AND UPPER MISSISSIPPI RWERS1

ABSTRACT: Effects of the 1993 flood on river water and sediment quality were investigated using historical data and data collected from the Illinois River and Upper Mississippi River in a post‐flood period. Overall the post‐flood results showed systematic reductions and individual changes in the water and sediment constituents. The reductions in sediment metals and nutrients were most obvious at the Keokuk and Lock and Dam 26 stations. By analyzing and comparing the physical changes to the changes in water and sediment constituents at each station, it was found that physical processes such as sediment entrainment and, more importantly, the removal of fine sediment to be the main causes for the reduced concentrations in sediment constituents. On the other hand, sediment redistribution and associated secondary contamination could have caused the emergence of several water and sediment constituents that were undetected before the flood.     

内蒙高腐殖酸地下水中碘的分布特征与IDD病的关系

为探讨碘在高腐植酸地下水中的分布特征 ,研究内蒙古河套平原地区 51份水样 .分析结果显示 ,水质偏碱 (平均值 pH=7.91 ) ,水中腐植酸和 COD含量均高 ,地下水类型属于 HCO₃-Na和 HCO₃-Cl- Na型 .在这种高还原型盐水环境中水碘平均浓度达到 430 μg/L,超过了水碘安全浓度范围的上限 ( 5～ 200μg/L) .相关分析结果显示 ,水碘浓度与其它因素的相关顺序是 :COD>荧光强度 >电导率 >HCO^-₃>Cl^->Na⁺>pH>As>井深 .当地地下水中碘的分布呈现出碘浓度随腐植酸含量和盐渍化程度增加而增加的趋势 .由于这些因素的综合作用 ,当地没有发生高碘型碘缺乏病 ( IDD)的大面积流行 .     

华北地区气溶胶数浓度和尺度分布的航测研究 ——以石家庄为例

2009年秋季利用河北省人工影响天气办公室机载气溶胶粒子探头(PCASP-100X)和前向散射滴谱探头(FSSP-100-ER)在石家庄市上空进行了多次气溶胶观测.选取2009年9~10月间的7架次雾天、1架次小雨天及1架次密卷云天观测资料,重点研究雾天气溶胶粒子数浓度和直径的垂直、水平分布特征及粒子谱分布,并与密卷云天和小雨天的探测资料进行对比分析.结果表明:石家庄地区气溶胶粒子数浓度较高,近地面最大值达11910个/cm3.气溶胶粒子数浓度主要受天气条件影响,逆温层是影响粒子垂直输送的主要因素,在逆温层下粒子累积形成粒子数浓度的高值区,逆温层以上气溶胶粒子数浓度迅速减少,雾天和密卷云天粒子数浓度随高度多呈负指数分布;雾天多伴有逆温层和较大空气湿度,有利于气溶胶粒子累积,数浓度一般可达104个/cm3以上,容易形成低能见度污染天气;气溶胶粒子数浓度在无降水日有累积效应,降雨对气溶胶粒子有明显清除作用;粒子数浓度和粒子直径在水平方向上呈不均匀分布,随着高度增加粒子数浓度和直径的水平绝对偏差减小,相对偏差往往增大;不同天气下尺度谱型类似,多呈单峰分布,在0.11μm左右处出现峰值,但在雾天、密卷云天、小雨天气下的气溶胶粒子峰值依次变小,并且随高度增加,尺度谱峰值数密度值降低,谱变窄.     

Experimental study of recirculating flows generated by lateral shock waves in very large channels

Due to the lack of data on hydraulic-jump dynamics in very large channels, the present paper describes the main characteristics of the velocity field and turbulence in a large rectangular channel with a width of 4 m. Although a hydraulic jump is always treated as a wave that is transversal to the channel wall, in the case of this study it has a trapezoidal front shape, first starting from a point at the sidewalls and then developing downstream in an oblique manner, finally giving rise to a trapezoidal shape. The oblique wave front may be regarded as a lateral shockwave that arises from a perturbation at a certain point of the lateral wall and travels obliquely toward the centreline of the channel. The experimental work was carried out at the Coastal Engineering Laboratory of the Water Engineering and Chemistry Department of the Technical University of Bari (Italy). In addition to the hydraulic jump formation, a large recirculating flow zone starts to develop from the separating point of the lateral shock wave and a separate boundary layer occurs. Intensive measurements of the streamwise and spanwise flow velocity components along one-half width of the channel were taken using a bidimensional Acoustic Doppler Velocimeter (ADV). The water surface elevation was obtained by means of an ultrasonic profiler. Velocity vectors, transversal velocity profiles, turbulence intensities and Reynolds shear stresses were all investigated. The experimental results of the separated boundary layer were compared with numerical predictions and related work presented in literature and showed good agreement. The transversal velocity profiles indicated the presence of adverse pressure gradient zones and the law of the wall appears to govern the region around the separated boundary layer.     

北京官厅水库中有机氯类农药的分布和来源

采用气相色谱/电子捕获检测器法(GC/ECD)对官厅水库表层水体中18种有机氯农药进行分析.结果表明:官厅水库9个采样点水样中18种有机氯农药残留水平为10.06～87.37 ng·L-1,其中∑HCHs和∑DDTs分别为3.93～38.94和3.71～16.03 ng·L-1.官厅水库及其支流水体受到有机氯农药轻度污染,上游工业区废水排放以及各支流周边地区农田排水是官厅水库中有机氯农药的重要来源.与国内外其他地区相比较,官厅水库表层水体中有机氯农药含量较低,∑DDTs、γ-HCH和七氯环氧均未超过GB 3838-2002地表水环境质量标准限值.