Direct and Indirect Effects of Soil Pollution by Lignite Mining

Lignite mining and processing has caused a pronounced impact both directly and indirectly on soils and ecosystems across large areas of the former GDR. We studied soils of pine forest ecosystems at sites affected by severe alkaline dust and sulphur deposition, stemming from lignite fired power plant emission, and at dumped sites from lignite mining. In this paper we summarize our main results and evaluate the long-term impact of lignite mining and combustion on the environment. The pine ecosystems on naturally developed soils show a clear effect of deposition history along a former deposition gradient with distinct changes in chemical properties of organic surface layers and mineral soil as well as in element turnover and cycling rates. Afforested sites on mining dumps are directly affected by the composition of the dumped substrates. Over a large area (800 km²) these substrates are dominated by Tertiary sediments with varying amounts of lignitic particles and pyrite that result in phytotoxic site conditions (pH < 3, high salt and metal contents). High amelioration doses of liming material (up to 200 t ha⁻¹) were applied for restoration purposes. We studied the development of these sites over a period of 60 years using a false-time series approach. Beside the extreme soil conditions, element budgets of these sites are characterized by very high element release rates over decades caused by pyrite oxidation and primary mineral weathering.     

人类干扰对闽江河口湿地土壤碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征的影响

为了阐明湿地土壤生态化学计量学特征对人类干扰的响应,对闽江河口湿地受到人类不同程度干扰的芦苇沼泽、草地、滩涂养殖地、耕地、池塘养殖地和干扰恢复的弃耕地土壤的碳、氮、磷生态化学计量学特征进行了测定与分析.结果表明,土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比均表现出随着干扰程度的增大而降低,即轻度干扰的芦苇沼泽和草地(25.53、156.06、6.11和27.58、158.99、5.78)中度干扰的滩涂养殖地(25.02、96.90、3.87)高度干扰的耕地和池塘养殖地(17.55、46.19、2.65和22.30、57.51、2.62);与高度干扰的耕地相比,干扰恢复的弃耕地土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比有所提高(19.95、63.81和3.18);影响土壤C/N、C/P和N/P比的因子随干扰程度的变化而改变;土壤C/N比表现出随着干扰程度和土壤深度的变化相对较小,C/P和N/P比的变异性相对较大;碳与养分比对土壤碳储量具有良好的指示作用.     

基于树木地貌法重建山洪泥石流历史事件--以北京密云区龙潭沟流域为例

认识区域山洪泥石流活动史是预测未来气候变化背景下灾害发展趋势的基础。利用树轮中的生长干扰信息,可以对未知山洪泥石流历史事件准确定年。本文以北京市密云区龙潭沟流域的曹庄子沟和合峪沟两条泥石流沟为研究对象,利用树木地貌学方法,在已知灾害年基础上获取阔叶树杨树的树轮生长扰动百分比,再重建未知灾害年并进行验证。结果表明:树轮对灾害的响应要滞后一年;2011年曹庄子沟的山洪导致该沟流通区、左岸、右岸和堆积区的树轮生长扰动百分比分别为-30.59%、43.78%、43.47%、-30.44%;2016年曹庄子沟的泥石流导致该沟四个分区的树轮生长扰动百分比分别为-46.08%、-45.15%、-46.64%、-37.32%。根据上述结果,推求并验证了曹庄子沟其他灾害年为2002、2013年,合峪沟灾害年为1997、2002、2011、2013、2016年。研究区1997、2002、2011、2013、2016年的响应树比例分别为35.42%、66.07%、46.43%、32.14%、58.93%,利用响应树比例能够区分灾害严重年份和次严重年份。2010年至今,该流域山洪及泥石流灾害活动频数有所增大,未来该流域再发生山洪泥石流灾害可能性仍较大。     

登陆台风低压再度发展引发的特大暴雨诊断分析

利用常规资料和NCEP1°×1°的分析场资料,对2008年8号台风"凤凰"减弱的低气压在滁河地区造成的特大暴雨灾害过程进行了较深入的分析。通过对暴雨期间涡度与垂直速度空间结构变化分析得到:暴雨的增幅发生在正涡度发展和上升运动明显增强的过程中,当上升运动开始减弱时,雨强也开始减小。     

沉积物扰动持续时间对悬浮物中磷形态数量分布的影响

为了探讨沉积物扰动时间(分别扰动10 min和9 h)对悬浮物中形态磷转化的影响,以太湖月亮湾沉积物和上覆水为对象,开展室内模拟试验,分析悬浮物中不同形态磷间的转化过程.结果表明,扰动时间越长,上覆水溶解性总磷(DTP)含量越高.对照试验中,上覆水中DTP含量远高于扰动试验.磷形态分析表明,随着试验时间的延长,扰动作用下(10 min,9 h),铁铝结合态磷(Fe/Al-P)占总磷(Tot-P)的质量分数逐渐降低,第10 d分别降至42.5%(10 min)和38.1%(9 h).试验结束,则有所升高.相反,钙结合态磷(HCl-P)占Tot-P的质量分数则在第10 d分别达到最大(48.9%,10 min)和(53.7%,9 h).这说明沉积物扰动促进了悬浮物中易释放态磷向难释放态磷的转化.     

Relationships between Human Disturbance and Wildlife Land Use in Urban Habitat Fragments

Abstract: Habitat remnants in urbanized areas typically conserve biodiversity and serve the recreation and urban open‐space needs of human populations. Nevertheless, these goals can be in conflict if human activity negatively affects wildlife. Hence, when considering habitat remnants as conservation refuges it is crucial to understand how human activities and land uses affect wildlife use of those and adjacent areas. We used tracking data (animal tracks and den or bed sites) on 10 animal species and information on human activity and environmental factors associated with anthropogenic disturbance in 12 habitat fragments across San Diego County, California, to examine the relationships among habitat fragment characteristics, human activity, and wildlife presence. There were no significant correlations of species presence and abundance with percent plant cover for all species or with different land‐use intensities for all species, except the opossum (Didelphis virginiana), which preferred areas with intensive development. Woodrats (Neotoma spp.) and cougars (Puma concolor) were associated significantly and positively and significantly and negatively, respectively, with the presence and prominence of utilities. Woodrats were also negatively associated with the presence of horses. Raccoons (Procyon lotor) and coyotes (Canis latrans) were associated significantly and negatively and significantly and positively, respectively, with plant bulk and permanence. Cougars and gray foxes (Urocyon cinereoargenteus) were negatively associated with the presence of roads. Roadrunners (Geococcyx californianus) were positively associated with litter. The only species that had no significant correlations with any of the environmental variables were black‐tailed jackrabbits (Lepus californicus) and mule deer (Odocoileus hemionus). Bobcat tracks were observed more often than gray foxes in the study area and bobcats correlated significantly only with water availability, contrasting with results from other studies. Our results appear to indicate that maintenance of habitat fragments in urban areas is of conservation benefit to some animal species, despite human activity and disturbance, as long as the fragments are large.     

Evaluating Ecological Condition Using Soil Biogeochemical Parameters and Near Infrared Reflectance Spectra

Rapid, repeatable assessment of ecological condition is critical for quantitative ecosystem monitoring. Soils provide a sensitive, integrative indicator for which sampling and analysis techniques are well defined. We evaluated soil properties as indicators of ecological condition (subjectively classified into minimally/moderately/severely degraded based on vegetative, hydrologic and edaphic cues) at 526 sites within Ft. Benning military installation (Georgia, USA). For each sample, we measured 17 biogeochemical parameters, and collected high-resolution diffuse reflectance spectra using visible/near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (VNIRS). VNIR spectra have been related to numerous soil attributes — we examine them here for diagnosing integrated response (i.e., ecological condition). We used ordinal logistic regression (OLR) and classification trees (CT) to discriminate between condition categories using both sets of predictors (biogeochemistry and spectra). Sixteen biogeochemical parameters were significantly different across condition categories; however, multivariate models greatly improved discrimination ([calibration, validation] accuracy of [69%, 66%] and [96%, 73%] for OLT and CT models, respectively). Important predictors included total C, total P, and Mehlich K/Ca/Mg. VNIR spectra further improved discrimination ([calibration, validation] accuracy of [74%, 70%] and [96%, 75%] for OLR and CT models, respectively). While spectra were comparably effective at discriminating minimally degraded sites, they were significantly more effective at discriminating severely degraded sites. Error rates across confounding factors suggest that watershed of origin and landscape position were the only important confounders, likely due to imbalanced sampling. We conclude that multivariate diagnosis improves accuracy, and that VNIR spectroscopy, which yields substantial cost and logistical improvements over conventional analyses, provides an effective tool for rapid condition diagnosis.     

不同培养条件下扰动对两种淡水藻生长的影响

研究了单种和按1∶1配比混合培养条件下,不同扰动强度对铜锈微囊藻和斜生栅藻生长的影响,结果表明:在试验所模拟的扰动强度范围内,较小的扰动有利于藻类的生长和聚集,单独培养的微囊藻和栅藻均在扰动强度为90r/min时藻比增长率最大;当转速大于该值时,随着扰动强度的加大,藻比增长率呈现下降趋势。在共培养体系中,铜锈微囊藻的比增长率均大于单独培养时的比增长率,且在扰动强度为90r/min时最大;栅藻由于竞争能力较弱,生长能力受到微囊藻的抑制,其生长状况明显劣于单独培养时的情况,且比增长率大大减小。     

Fish Responses to Experimental Fragmentation of Seagrass Habitat

Abstract: Understanding the consequences of habitat fragmentation has come mostly from comparisons of patchy and continuous habitats. Because fragmentation is a process, it is most accurately studied by actively fragmenting large patches into multiple smaller patches. We fragmented artificial seagrass habitats and evaluated the impacts of fragmentation on fish abundance and species richness over time (1 day, 1 week, 1 month). Fish assemblages were compared among 4 treatments: control (single, continuous 9‐m² patches); fragmented (single, continuous 9‐m² patches fragmented to 4 discrete 1‐m² patches); prefragmented/patchy (4 discrete 1‐m² patches with the same arrangement as fragmented); and disturbance control (fragmented then immediately restored to continuous 9‐m² patches). Patchy seagrass had lower species richness than actively fragmented seagrass (up to 39% fewer species after 1 week), but species richness in fragmented treatments was similar to controls. Total fish abundance did not vary among treatments and therefore was unaffected by fragmentation, patchiness, or disturbance caused during fragmentation. Patterns in species richness and abundance were consistent 1 day, 1 week, and 1 month after fragmentation. The expected decrease in fish abundance from reduced total seagrass area in fragmented and patchy seagrass appeared to be offset by greater fish density per unit area of seagrass. If fish prefer to live at edges, then the effects of seagrass habitat loss on fish abundance may have been offset by the increase (25%) in seagrass perimeter in fragmented and patchy treatments. Possibly there is some threshold of seagrass patch connectivity below which fish abundances cannot be maintained. The immediate responses of fish to experimental habitat fragmentation provided insights beyond those possible from comparisons of continuous and historically patchy habitat.     

避难硐室气体防毒安全性研究

为研究灾变时期井下避难硐室进出口有毒气体CO入侵弥散问题,基于等效原理,利用Gambit软件建立地面钻孔正压通风避难硐室物理模型和开门状态下有毒气体进入避难硐室的流体力学原理及气体弥散数学模型,并利用Fluent软件模拟钻孔压风量与室内CO浓度变化关系,提出在避难硐室的隔离门前加装门衬的办法,使避难人员穿过避难硐室门时...