Spatial and temporal variation of nitrogen exported by runo from sandy agricultural soils

The eutrophication problem has drawn attention to nutrient leaching from agricultural soils, and an understanding of spatial and temporal variability is needed to develop decision-making tools. Thus, eleven sites were selected to monitor, over a two-year period, spatial and temporal variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff in sandy agricultural soils. Factors influencing the variation of runoff discharge and various forms of N in surface runoff were analyzed. Variation of annual rainfall was small among 11 sites, especially between 2001 and 2002. However, variation of annual discharge was significant among the sites. The results suggest that rainfall patterns and land use had significant effect on discharge. The concentrations of total N, total kjeldahl N （TKN）, organic matter-associated N （OM-N）, NO3- -N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff ranged widely from 0.25 to 54.1, 0.15 to 20.3, 0.00 to 14.6, 0.00 to 45.3, and 0.00 to 19.7 mg/L, respectively. Spatial and temporal variations in the N concentration and runoff discharge were noted among the different sites. Annual loads of N in the runoff varied widely among monitoring sites and depend mainly on runoff discharge. High loads of total N, OM-N, NO3--N, and NHn＋-N in the runoff either in citrus groves or on vegetable farms occurred from June to October for each year, which coincided with the rainy season in the region. This study found that N in surface runoff was related to rainfall intensity, soil N level, and fertilizer use.     

一品红挥发性有机物释放日变化规律研究

实验采用静态箱式动态吸附采样,利用热脱附——气质联用分析研究了一品红挥发性有机物(VOCs)的组成及含量的日变化规律。检测到八类共49种挥发性有机物,包括烷烃、酮类、醇类、醛类、烯烃、酯类、芳香烃类和其他物质等在内的。其中三氯乙烯,1,1,2,2-四氯乙烷,苯乙酮,枯烯,甲苯,乙苯,萘和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等8种挥发性有机物为EPA重点控制空气中有害污染物。实验发现,各种物质的释放具有显著的日变化规律,且不同种类物质释放的日变化规律也不同。同时利用LI-6400XT便携式光合仪测量六项生理生态指标,表明这些挥发性有机物的释放与一品红叶片温度(Tleaf)、光合作用有效辐射(Par)、湿度(%)、光合作用速率(Photo)、气孔导度(Cond)和蒸腾速率(Trmmol)存在一定相关性。不同物质的释放规律与这些环境影响因子的相关性有一定差异。     

春季盘溪河水质日变化规律及水质评价

2010年春季对盘溪河水质进行了采样监测,分析了春季盘溪河水质的日变化规律,运用非参数检验、方差分析和灰色关联度方法评价了盘溪河1 d内的水质变化情况.结果表明,盘溪河的t、DO、COD、Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu在上、中、下游都没有显著性差异(P>0.05),pH、EC、TP、TSS、BOD5、NO3--N、TN和NH4+-N表现出显著性差异;盘溪河各水质参数日变化情况差别较大,TN、TP和EC的日变化趋势在上游呈波浪式逐渐增加,中游波动较小,下游呈"单峰单谷"型,峰值出现在中午12:00.COD变化曲线呈"单峰"型,上游和中游峰值都出现在10:00,下游的峰值在12:00;盘溪河Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu的浓度较低,中游Pb、Cd、Zn和Cu浓度的峰值出现在12:00;运用灰色关联度方法评价了盘溪河水质级别:上游在18:00和20:00为劣Ⅴ类,其余各时间段河流水质为Ⅱ类;中游在12:00时水质为劣Ⅴ类,其余各时间段河流水质为Ⅱ类;下游各时间段水质均为劣Ⅴ类.     

春季黄东海颗粒有机碳的时空分布特征

根据2009年4～5月对黄东海大面积调查的资料,分析研究了黄东海颗粒有机碳（particulate organic carbon,POC）的浓度和时空分布特征,并结合叶绿素（Chlorophyll a,Chl-a）和C/N摩尔比值探讨了POC的主要来源.结果表明,春季黄东海POC的浓度范围是24.33～2 817.29...     

Diurnal variation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 at a roadside site in Xiamen, China

Intensive daytime and nighttime sampling was carried out from 23 Oct to 31 Dec 2008 to investigate the occurrence of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in PM₁₀ at a roadside site in Xiamen, China. At the same time, six PM₁₀ samples were collected from a nearby roadway tunnel for comparison. Six NPAHs, namely 9-nitroanthracene, 2-and 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1-nitropyrene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene, were identified and quantified using GC/MS in negative ion chemical ionization mode. The average total concentration of six NPAHs (∑NPAHs) in the cold season (26 Nov-31 Dec) was 2.3 (daytime) and 9.9 (nighttime) times higher than those in the warm season. Significant statistical difference (p < 0.01, 2-tailed) of ∑NPAHs between daytime and nighttime was found during both the warm and cold seasons. NPAHs were significantly positively correlated with their parent PAHs and nitrogen dioxide but negatively correlated with ambient temperature. The ratio of 2 + 3-nitrofluoranthene to 1-nitropyrene exhibited a similar diurnal pattern as ∑NPAHs and was generally greater than 5, indicating the importance of secondary atmospheric formation. The diurnal variations of NPAHs were all influenced by the diurnal variations of PAHs, nitrogen dioxide, sunlight, and temperature. The daily inhalable exposure to the six NPAHs in the tunnel was much higher than the roadside values in the warm season but only slightly higher than those in the cold season.     

Characteristics of atmospheric volatile organic compounds in urban area of Beijing: Variations, photochemical reactivity and source apportionment

Atmospheric volatile organic compounds (VOCs) were observed by an on-line gas chromatography-flame ionization detector monitoring system from November 2016 to August 2017 in Beijing. The average concentrations were winter (40.27 ± 25.25 μg/m³) > autumn (34.25 ± 19.90 µg/m³) > summer (32.53 ± 17.39 µg/m³) > spring (24.72 ± 17.22 µg/m³). Although benzene (15.70%), propane (11.02%), ethane (9.32%) and n-butane (6.77%) were the most abundant species, ethylene (14.07%) and propene (11.20%) were the key reactive species to ozone formation potential (OFP), and benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, m-xylene + p-xylene and o-xylene (54.13%) were the most reactive species to secondary organic aerosol formation potential (SOAFP). The diurnal and seasonal variations indicated that diesel vehicle emission during early morning, gasoline vehicle emission at the traffic rush hours and coal burning during the heating period might be important sources. Five major sources were further identified by positive matrix factorization (PMF). The vehicle exhaust (gasoline exhaust and diesel exhaust) was found to be contributed most to atmospheric VOCs, with 43.59%, 41.91%, 50.45% and 43.91%, respectively in spring, summer, autumn and winter; while solvent usage contributed least, with 11.10%, 7.13%, 14.00% and 19.87%, respectively. Biogenic emission sources (13.11%) were only identified in summer. However, both vehicle exhaust and solvent usage were identified to be the key sources considering contributions to the OFP and SOAFP. Besides, the contributions of combustion during heating period and gasoline evaporation source during warm seasons to OFP and SOAFP should not be overlooked.     

我国淡水环境中卤乙酸类消毒副产物的预测无效应浓度研究

新型冠状病毒肺炎（COVID-19,简称“新冠肺炎”）疫情期间,消毒剂超量使用,导致大量DBPs（disinfection by-products,消毒副产物）进入自然水体,可能对水生态环境产生不良影响.以5种HAAs（卤乙酸类）消毒副产物（一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙酸和二溴乙酸）为研究目标,基于筛选的本土水生生物的毒性数据,采用欧盟《风险评价技术指导文件》中的评估系数法和平衡分配法分别推导了5种HAAs在水体和沉积物两种介质中的PNEC（预测无效应浓度）值.结果表明:5种HAAs对水生生物的急、慢性毒性大小顺序均为一溴乙酸>一氯乙酸>二氯乙酸>三氯乙酸>二溴乙酸;5种HAAs（一氯乙酸、二氯乙酸、三氯乙酸、一溴乙酸和二溴乙酸）的PNEC_w（水体的预测无效应浓度）分别为0.025、0.030、0.060、0.016和1.956 mg/L,PNEC_s（沉积物的预测无效应浓度）分别为0.021、0.026、0.057、0.013和1.679 mg/kg（以湿质量计）.研究显示,污水处理厂出水中排放的DBPs对水生态环境可能造成潜在的风险和危害,应加强对污水处理厂出水中5种HAAs的监测和去除,从而减少排入到自然水体中的HAAs含量.      

京津冀中部夏季大气颗粒物空间分布特征

为研究京津冀地区雾霾成因,以Y-12（运-12）飞机为大气颗粒物观测平台,对2016年夏季京津冀中部大气颗粒物污染特征进行了观测研究.结果表明,天津市颗粒物数浓度垂直分布特征为1 500 m（以下均为标准气压高度）以下呈单峰分布,1 500 m以上呈单调下降,峰值均出现在0.35~0.40 μm之间,峰值的最大值出现在900 m左右;颗粒物体积浓度谱呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和1.00~2.00 μm之间,峰值的最大值出现在450 m左右.天津市、保定市和衡水市600与2 400 m数浓度谱分布特征为单调下降和单峰分布并存;600 m表面积浓度谱呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和0.90~1.00 μm之间;2 400 m表面积浓度谱呈双峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40和0.50~0.60 μm之间;600与2 400 m体积浓度谱均呈三峰分布,分别在0.30~0.40、0.50~0.60和1.00~3.00 μm之间.天津市大气颗粒物数浓度谱峰值的最大值出现在900 m左右,说明逆温层对气溶胶累积的形成有重要影响.城市间数浓度谱峰值高低受地面颗粒物质量浓度大小影响.京津冀中部大气颗粒物表面积浓度谱在600 m呈三峰分布,在2 400 m呈双峰分布,可能是因为2 400 m空中以细粒子为主.京津冀中部大气颗粒物体积浓度谱在600与2 400 m空中均为三峰分布,而国外为双峰分布,发现粗粒子峰值粒径范围差别较大,这是由于国内PM_2.5在PM₁₀中占比较大.研究显示,京津冀中部600和1 200 m大气颗粒物多来源于山东、河南,经近地面输送;2 400 m大气颗粒物多来源于内蒙古地区,经高空和近地面两种途径输送.      

北京灵山草地土壤CO2源汇和排放通量与温度湿度昼夜变化的关系

大气中温室气体含量不断升高是造成目前全球变暖的主要原因,而土壤CO2是大气CO2的重要来源之一。研究表明温度、湿度是土壤CO2最主要的气候影响因素,通过对植物夏季雨后次日对土壤CO2排放过程中的源(不同深度土壤CO2体积分数)、汇(大气CO2体积分数)和中间CO2气体交换通量(土壤CO2排放通量)、气温、土温以及表土湿度进行同步连续的昼夜观察,研究日和小时变化尺度上温度和土壤湿度对CO2地气交换的影响。结果表明土壤CO2排放通量、大气CO2和土壤CO2体积分数的昼夜变化特征不一致,只有土壤CO2排放通量与气温变化存在明显的正相关关系,在日变化尺度上随表土湿度增加而增加;表土湿度在日变化尺度和小时变化尺度上与草丛空气CO2体积分数正相关;土壤CO2体积分数则在日变化尺度上当表土湿度较小时与表土湿度正相关。气温主要影响土壤CO2向大气的扩散和对流过程,而不是昼夜尺度上影响土壤CO2体积分数变化的主要环境因素。     

水环境中不同氧化还原条件的氢浓度特征

对氯乙烯生物降解过程中不同氧化还原条件的氢浓度特征进行了研究 ,并揭示氢浓度、氧化还原条件、以及氯乙烯降解之间的关系 .结果表明 ,反硝化、锰还原、铁还原、硫还原、产甲烷、PCE/TCE脱氯、cis DCE脱氯以及VC脱氯的氢浓度特征值分别为 0 1— 0 4nmol·l- 1,0 1— 2 0nmol·l- 1,0 1— 0 3nmol·l- 1,1 5— 4 5nmol·l- 1,5— 1 3nmol·l- 1,0 6— 0 9nmol·l- 1,1 0— 2 5nmol·l- 1和 >1 0nmol·l- 1.水环境的还原性愈强 ,对应的氢浓度特征值愈大 .此外 ,PCE/TCE脱氯表现出与反硝化及铁、锰还原相近的氢浓度特征 ,而cis DCE和VC脱氯的氢浓度特征分别类似于硫还原和产甲烷 .强还原 (如产甲烷 )条件有利于氯乙烯的脱氯 ,当环境中氢浓度水平大于 2nmol·l- 1时cis DCE/VC脱氯和产甲烷过程可同时发生 .