基于TRMM卫星资料揭示的长江流域梅雨季节降水日变化

利用1998~2013年热带测雨卫星TRMM 3B42降水率资料以及NCEP/CFSR温度场、气压场和风场等再分析格点资料等,从气候学角度揭示了长江流域梅雨季节降水和对流的日变化特征,探讨了典型和非典型梅雨锋年降水日变化差异,分析了大气环境场要素的日变化特征及其对降水和对流日变化影响。结果表明:(1)强降水在夜间发生在长江上游,白天发生在长江中下游。降水日变化特征显著,长江上游、盆地以东的中游以及中下游的沿江以南地区降水日峰值分别出现在午夜、清晨08时以及傍晚17时。沿江以北地区降水表现出半日循环,具有08时和17时两个峰值,午后峰值明显强于清晨。(2)长江中游地区降水日位相较上游地区延迟约6 h,下游地区日位相进一步向后推移,同时下游地区降水强度和范围明显强于上游,降水日较差也更明显。(3)典型梅雨锋年和近15年梅雨季节平均的降水日变化分布特征较为一致,非典型梅雨锋年较前两者日峰值出现时间明显提前。(4)短时强降水和深对流有较好的对应关系,白天高发区位于长江下游,夜间位于上游。(5)大气温压场在梅雨锋两侧显著的日变化差异使梅雨锋强度和结构在昼夜形成了差异,并使低层风场的辐合位置产生了日变化,这些大气环境场的日变化最终导致了梅雨期对流和降水的日变化。     

Effects of leachant temperature and pH on leachability of metals from fly ash. A case study: Can thermal power plant, province of Canakkale, Turkey

Lignite powered electric generation plants result in increasing environmental problems associated with gaseous emissions and the disposal of ash residues. Especially, low quality coals with high ash content cause enormous quantities of both gaseous and solid fly ash emissions. The main problem is related to the disposal of fly ash, which, in many cases, contains heavy metals. It is known that toxic trace metals may leach when fly ash is in contact with water. In this study, fly ash samples obtained from the thermal power plant in the town of Can in Turkey were investigated for leachability of metals under different acidic and temperature conditions. The experimental results show that a decrease in pH of the leachant favors the extraction of metal ions from fly ash. A significant increase in the extraction of arsenic, cadmium, chromium, zinc, lead, mercury, and selenium ions from the ash is attributed to the instability of the mineral phases. These heavy metals concentrations increase with respect to increasing acidic conditions and temperature. Peak concentrations, in general, were found at around 30°C.     

低浓度SO2和NOx 自动监测系统性能评价方法

通过对7种废气自动监测系统的比较研究和现场测试,提出了非分散红外法、紫外差分法、紫外荧光法、化学发光法等多种 SO2和 NO x 自动监测技术在低浓度范围实现准确定量监测的性能评价方法,定义了 CEMS 的系统检出限及其主要影响因素。建议采用系统检出限、线性误差等关键参数作为低浓度 CEMS 的性能评价方法,提出将全系统多点标准气体校准或加标回收率作为验收和质控监督的基本方法。     

The Draft of the New German Guideline VDI 3782/8 to Model Automobile Exhaust Dispersion

The draft of the German guideline to calculate automobile exhaust dispersion is explained. It contains a two-stage-system: For first quick estimates the guideline contains the simple models MLuS and STREET. In case these models are not applicable or their results shows concentration levels close to the air quality standards, the more complex models PROKAS_V and MISKAM are recommended. PROKAS_V is a Gaussian plume model, MISKAM is a 3-dimensional microscale non hydrostatic flow model for built-up areas with an Eulerian dispersion model. The guideline comprises cases in rural areas without or with few adjacent buildings as well as urban areas with buildings near the roads. The contribution gives information about the models, typical results and some of the problems showing up presently.     

增强UV-B辐射对小麦叶片黄酮类化合物日变化的影响

通过温室盆栽试验,初步研究了UV-B辐射对灌浆期小麦叶片中黄酮类化合物含量日变化的影响.结果发现,UV-B胁迫条件下,黄酮类化合物含量明显上升,而胁迫解除后,其含量下降,与对照组间差异逐渐减小.合成黄酮类化合物的关键性酶--苯丙氨酸解氨酶活性的变化也表现出大致相同的趋势.同时,UV-B辐射对小麦叶片净光合速率没有影响,但使其夜闯呼吸速率显著加强 .这些结果表明,小麦在UV-B胁迫解除前后黄酮类化合物的持续波动可能是植物在UV-B辐射条件下光合能力未受影响而生物量明显下降的一个重要原因.     

深圳市大气中PM2.5载带金属污染特征及健康风险

于2020年3月～2021年2月对深圳市道路环境空气中PM_2.5载带的15种金属元素的质量浓度进行时间分辨率为1h的全年在线观测.结果显示,深圳市道路环境空气中PM_2.5载带金属元素的总平均浓度为(1062.3±434.6) ng/m³,其中Fe、Al、K、Ca和Zn为主要贡献元素,在金属元素中总贡献达到95.5%.Fe的浓度较高,受到与道路扬尘和机动车排放的强烈影响.金属浓度存在着显著的季节性差异,冬季浓度最高(1709.3ng/m³),夏季最低(644.1ng/m³).Mn、Fe、Cr、Zn和Ca元素呈现明显的双峰日变化分布,与机动车流量高峰一致.昼夜浓度分布结果显示,夜间船舶排放V和Ni的浓度高值得关注,而Mn、Zn和Ca的浓度白天较夜晚高,与白天机动车流量较高有关.高污染日总金属日间浓度和夜间浓度均为全年日间和夜间平均浓度的1.9倍.成年人与儿童暴露于深圳市道路环境空气的非致癌风险均低于阈值1,但是总致癌风险(6.5×10^-6)超过阈值10     

柠檬酸对3种常见水产病原菌的抑菌作用

选用嗜水气单胞菌、副溶血弧菌、荧光假单胞菌3种常见水产病原菌,用于测定柠檬酸的抑菌效果及最小抑菌浓度,并研究了柠檬酸抑菌作用的持续性。3种菌均为革兰氏阴性菌。试验结果表明,柠檬酸对3种菌都有不同程度的抑菌作用,并得到最小抑菌浓度,依次是:0.0011g/mL,0.0008g/mL,0.00125g/mL;在最小浓度下抑菌作用可达6d之久,柠檬酸抑菌效果有较好的持续性。     

Dissolved organic carbon concentrations and fluxes in forest catchments and streams: DOC-3 model

Dissolved organic carbon (DOC) concentrations in south-western Nova Scotia streams, sampled at weekly to biweekly intervals, varied across streams from about 3 to 40 mg L⁻¹, being highest mid-summer to fall, and lowest during winter to spring. A 3-parameter model (DOC-3) was proposed to project daily stream DOC concentrations and fluxes from modelled estimates for daily soil temperature and moisture, year-round, and in relation to basin size and wetness. The parameters of this model refer to (i) a basin-specific DOC release parameter “k_DOC^”, related to the wet- and open-water area percentages per basin, (ii) the lag time “τ” between DOC production and subsequent stream DOC emergence, related to the catchment area above the stream sampling location; and (iii) the activation energy “Ea”, to deal with the temperature effect on DOC production. This model was calibrated with the 1988-2006 DOC concentration data from three streams (Pine Marten, Moosepit Brook, and the Mersey River sampled at or near Kejimkujik National Park, or KNP), and was used to interpret the biweekly 1999-2003 DOC concentrations data (stream, ground and lake water, soil lysimeters) of the Pockwock-Bowater Watershed Project near Halifax, Nova Scotia. The data and the model revealed that the DOC concentrations within the streams were not correlated to the DOC concentrations within the soil- and groundwater, but were predictable based on (i) the hydrologically inferred weather-induced changes in soil moisture and temperature next to each stream, and (ii) the topographically inferred basin area and wet- and open-water area percentages associated with each stream (R² = 0.53; RMSE = 3.5 mg L⁻¹). Model-predicted fluxes accounted 74% of the hydrometrically determined DOC exports at KNP.     

2008~2012年上海黑碳浓度变化特征分析

采用上海市城市环境气象中心2008~2012年黑碳质量浓度小时平均资料,分析了上海市区黑碳质量浓度变化规律.结果表明,2008~2012年间上海黑碳平均质量浓度呈下降趋势,各年黑碳平均质量浓度从(4 045.3±3 375.4)ng·m-3降至(2 766.2±2 078.9)ng·m-3,观测期间的逐年变化率分别为2.3%、-6.5%、-18.7%和-12.1%.与其它大城市相比,黑碳平均质量浓度为中等偏低水平.从年平均变化看,11和12月的5年平均质量浓度最高,分别为5 426.6 ng·m-3和5 365.3ng·m-3,其次为1、6和10月,分别为4 402.5、3 763.3和3 412.7 ng·m-3.工作日和休息日的5年平均日变化均呈明显双峰结构,两峰分别出现在北京时间07:00~10:00和18:00~22:00,工作日第一峰高于第二峰,休息日则相反.5年间,工作日黑碳平均质量浓度较休息日高9%.此外,根据有效观测数据,通过回归整理,给出了一个5年平均黑碳质量浓度日变化的逐时经验函数,以方便估计和预测黑碳浓度水平.     

广东罗非鱼养殖区水体和鱼体中重金属、HCHs、DDTs含量及风险评价

利用气相色谱(GC-ECD)、原子吸收和原子荧光法,对广东罗非鱼主要养殖区鱼塘水体及罗非鱼肌肉中Cu、Pd、Cd、As、HCHs和DDTs进行检测,同时应用了不同评价模型对罗非鱼食用安全进行健康风险评价.结果表明,Cu、Pd、Cd、As、BHCs和DDTs在4个不同养殖区水体中含量范围分别为:nd~0.101 mg·L-1、nd~0.097 mg·L-1、nd~0.003 27 mg·L-1、0.012 1~0.081 27mg·L-1、2.63~37.18 ng·L-1和2.05~12.21 ng·L-1.主要罗非鱼养殖区水体中BHCs、DDTs含量大小依次为:茂名>广州>惠州>肇庆,仍有新的γ-HCH输入.罗非鱼肌肉中残留Cu、Pd、Cd、As含量均值分别为0.805 6、0.409 6、0.070 6、0.257 mg·kg-1,BHCs和DDTs含量均值分别为12.21 mg·kg-1和13.21 mg·kg-1;采用美国国家环境保护署(EPA)推荐的评价模型对食用罗非鱼健康风险进行评价,结果表明除As可能存在致癌风险外,Cu、Pd、Cd、HCHs和DDTs的致癌和非致癌风险均低于国际放射性辐射防护委员会(ICRP)推荐的最大可接受风险水平,表明罗非鱼肌肉中HCHs、DDTs和重金属对人体健康风险处于较低水平.