深圳城市大气PM2.5中金属元素的在线测量与来源特征

大气PM_(2.5)中很多金属元素危害人体健康,且具有源示踪性,因此,开展PM_(2.5)中金属在线监测对污染来源分析和大气污染防治有着重要意义.本研究于2017年4—5月使用美国Cooper环境空气多金属在线监测仪对深圳城市大气PM_(2.5)中金属元素进行连续观测.与同步离线采样测量的金属数据进行比对表明,10种元素(K、Zn、Cu、Mn、Fe、V、Ni、Ti、Pb、Cr)呈现良好的相关性,因而用于后续分析.观测期间大气PM_(2.5)的平均浓度24.8μg·m~(-3),其中10种金属元素总浓度为0.72μg·m~(-3),占比2.9%.Mn、Fe、Cu、Zn和Ti的浓度日变化显示了日间高、夜间低的特征,表明受到本地人为源的显著影响;而K、Pb、Cr浓度日变化无明显波动,说明受区域传输影响较大;Ni与V日变化趋势一致,主要来源为船舶排放.主成分因子分析结果表明,观测期间PM_(2.5)中金属污染来源主要为交通和扬尘源、工业排放/废物燃烧和船舶污染,方差贡献依次为54.3%、19.8%和8.8%.     

餐饮排放有机颗粒物的质量浓度、化学组成及排放因子特征

餐饮废气是大气有机颗粒物的重要排放源.本研究基于模拟实验,研究了烹饪方式、食材以及油品等因素对餐饮废气排放有机颗粒物浓度、组成以及排放因子的影响.结果表明,餐饮排放有机颗粒物的特征受烹饪方式、烹饪食材与烹饪油品等因素影响较大.在所有模拟实验条件下,餐饮废气中可定量的有机颗粒物中,正构烷烃、甾醇和脂肪酸(包括饱和脂肪酸和不饱和脂肪酸)所占的平均质量分数分别为68. 9%、20. 3%和4. 2%,其余的有机物还包括二元羧酸、多环芳烃、单糖以及藿烷类化合物等.有机颗粒物的平均食材排放因子为0. 013 1 g·kg~(-1),变化范围为0. 001 4～0. 027 1 g·kg~(-1).肉类烹饪过程的食材排放因子远大于蔬菜烹饪过程.基于油品的平均排放因子为1. 823 0 g·kg~(-1),变化范围为0. 001 9～10. 173 0 g·kg~(-1).铁架烧烤烹饪方式的油品排放因子大于其他烹饪方式.     

污水氮浓度和NH4+/NO3-比对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力和植物体氮组分的影响

采用溶液培养法,设置3个氮浓度20、100、200 mg·L-1和3个NH_4~+/NO_3~-比1∶0、0.5∶0.5、0∶1,研究污水氮浓度和NH_4~+/NO_3~-比对粉绿狐尾藻去氮能力和植物体氮组分的影响.结果表明,粉绿狐尾藻的生物量在第1周增长最快,其中氮浓度20 mg·L-1、100 mg·L-1时,生物量以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=1∶0处理最大;氮浓度200 mg·L-1时,以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0.5∶0.5处理最大.粉绿狐尾藻在第1周对总氮、铵态氮和硝态氮去除速率最高,且随氮浓度升高而增加;氮浓度20 mg·L-1时,铵态氮和硝态氮的去除率无显著差异,氮浓度100 mg·L-1、200 mg·L-1时硝态氮的去除率高于铵态氮.粉绿狐尾藻氮积累量及对水体和底泥氮去除的贡献率均随氮浓度升高而增加,其氮含量和积累量均以第1周增长最快,氮浓度20 mg·L-1时氮积累贡献率以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0∶1最大,氮浓度100 mg·L-1、200 mg·L-1时以NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0.5∶0.5最大.粉绿狐尾藻体内蛋白质、氨基态氮和硝态氮的含量均随氮浓度的升高而增加,且蛋白质氨基态氮硝态氮;NH_4~+/NO_3~-为1∶0和0.5∶0.5时蛋白质含量较高,NH_4~+/NO_3~-=1∶0时氨基态氮含量最高,NH_4~+/NO_3~-=0∶1时硝态氮含量最高.由此说明,在试验范围内,粉绿狐尾藻的去氮能力随污水氮浓度升高而提高,可以用于高氮浓度污水修复;粉绿狐尾藻喜铵态氮,但在100 mg·L-1以上的高氮浓度下以硝铵等比时生长和去除氮能力最强;粉绿狐尾藻体内氮组分受硝铵比调节,蛋白氮比例最高,铵态氮和硝态氮则分别随污水NH+4和NO-3比升高而提高.     

Awareness of zero tolerance laws in three states

PROBLEM: A prior study indicated that zero tolerance laws differ in their enforceability and likelihood of enforcement, with California's law being easier to enforce than New York's, and New Mexico's being the hardest of all. The question is, do these differences in enforcement affect teenagers' knowledge and perception of these laws? METHOD: A telephone survey was conducted to investigate awareness of the laws among 17-20 year olds in these three states and perceptions of enforcement. RESULTS: Estimated percentages of teenagers who knew of the laws were much higher in New York and California (71% and 65%, respectively) than in New Mexico (34%). Perceptions that police were enforcing the law, that licenses could be suspended, and that penalties were often applied were also lowest in New Mexico. IMPACT ON INDUSTRY: The potential of zero tolerance laws will not be realized without better awareness among young people. Full enforcement of the laws accompanied by publicity about the enforcement is recommended. Changes to the laws and their application may encourage enforcement efforts.     

An Environmental Application of Regional Geochemical Mapping in Understanding Enzootic Geophagia of Calves in the Reivilo Area, South Africa

A specific enzootic form of geophagia (the deliberate ingestion of soil) occurs in young cattle and sheep in restricted areas of the Barkley-West, Postmasburg and Vryburg Districts of the Northern Cape- and North West Provinces of the Republic of South Africa. It results in severe, subacute to chronic hepatitis and jaundice, with a high mortality rate in untreated cases. An association between the disease and high concentrations of manganese in soils was shown since all the affected farms are situated on outcrops of the Reivilo Formation of the Campbell Rand Subgroup, which consists mainly of manganiferous dolomite. Furthermore high concentrations of manganese were found in the analysis of liver specimens from affected calves and the characteristic microscopic pathological changes in the liver could be induced experimentally in a calf and lamb by oral administration of manganese sulphate. The highest incidence of geophagia occurs at 7 to 14 days, whereas calves older than about 2 months are rarely affected. The symptoms usually start with intermittent, progressive geophagia, followed by constipation, dehydration and death within ca. 7–10 days in untreated cases. Young calves and lambs display an insatiable appetite for soil and sometimes lick iron poles. The treatment of calves by the parenteral injection of commercial iron-dextran- and vitamin B₁₂ preparations at 1 to 2 days after birth, and at 14 days of age, at the registered therapeutic doses, appeared to have a marked preventative effect on the occurrence of geophagia and its complications. Regional geochemical maps show a northeast–southwest trending anomaly in MnO, Zn and Pb, visually correlating with the distribution of the affected farms. Anomalously high distributions of Pb and Zn are also spatially related to the Pering (Pb,Zn) Mine. In this study, two farms were selected for comparative purposes. Gam, a farm situated on the Reivilo Formation of the Campbellrand Subgroup was chosen where a high incidence of geophagia occurred, as well as the farm Holpan on the Lyttelton Formation of the Malmani Subgroup where the problem was not known to be present. The farm Holpan was chosen as a control area, and is situated close to an old manganese mine on dolomite with a high MnO content. Geographically, Holpan is situated in an area with a high rainfall, with leaching and the formation of deep red soils on the dolomite, together with a hilly relief and low soil pH_{H 2 O}. Gam is situated in an area with lower rainfall, where precipitation would be less than evapotranspiration. The dolomite of the Malmani Subgroup and the Reivilo Formation are significantly different in their soil geochemistry. The MnO, Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co contents are significantly higher in the soils of the Malmani Subgroup than in the Reivilo Formation. The MnO, Zn and Pb contents on Gam are higher than on Holpan, whereas the Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co contents are lower. Soil on Holpan contains iron-minerals such as haematite, while no iron minerals were detected in the soils of Gam. The concretions, found in the soils on both farms, differs remarkably in iron-contents. Concretions on both farms have similar high concentrations of MnO, whereas the FeO content are low for the concretions on Gam and high for Holpan. Preliminary comparative analytical results of the colostrum, sampled from cows with new born calves within three days of birth, do not entirely reflect the soil geochemistry of the different farms. Whereas the soils on Gam have higher MnO, Zn and Pb, and lower Fe₂O₃ ^T and Co than Holpan, the colostrum produced on Gam has lower Mn, Fe and Co than on Holpan. The Pb and Zn concentrations in the colostrum on both farms do not differ significantly. The comparative regional geochemical soil data, together with the colostrum data, suggest that young calves on the farm Gam probably suffer from Fe and Co deficiency. Conversely, it was illustrated that the Fe and Co content in the soils are high and the Fe is abundant in the concretions on the farm Holpan. These findings, together with the apparent absence of geophagia at Holpan, as well as the observed effect of iron and cobalt supplementation in the prevention of geophagia on the farm Gam, suggests an association of geophagia with iron and cobalt deficiencies on the farm Gam.     

南京市可吸入颗粒物数浓度变化及尺度分布

采用南京市近期颗粒物粒子数浓度的观测资料，对颗粒物中可吸人颗粒物(PM10)进行了分析。结果表明：近10年来南京地区可吸人颗粒物的数浓度显著增加，平均增加近4倍；PM10数浓度主要受生产活动和大气层结变化影响，日变化呈现两高两低变化趋势。观测期间，可吸人颗粒物中主要成分是细粒子，PM25数量平均占PM10总数量的99％以上。     

南京市大气中PM10、PM2.5日污染特征

于2001年秋季(11月)、夏季(8月)对南京市五大典型功能区的大气颗粒物(PMl0、PM2.5)进行了监测研究。结果发现，南京市颗粒物污染严重，PMl0、PM2．5的超标率分别达到了65％、85％；颗粒物浓度季节变化大，11月污染物浓度明显大于8月，PMl0、PM2．5分别相差l68.44μg／m^3、190．1μg／m^3；PMl0中PM2．5比重较大，大约为75．9％，对人体健康潜在危害大。     

环境优先污染物简易筛选法初探

文章用化合物的潜在危害指数来指示物质对环境的毒性,结合江苏省饮用水中丰、平、枯三个水期测定出的有机物污染物的检出浓度和检出频次,利用分级、加权法对检出的化合物进行排序,从而筛选出江苏省饮用水中的优先监测污染物.文章所提出的方法具有一定的合理性和可操作性.     

Chemical composition of aerosols in winter/spring in Beijing

In 1999 aerosol samples were collected by cascade at Meteorological Tower in Beijing.The 12 group aerosol samples obtained were analyzed using PIXE method,which resulted in 20 elemental concentrations and size distribution of elemental concentrations.From the observation,the elemental concentrations,size distribution of elemental concentrations and their variations are analyzed.It shows that concentrations of most elements in aerosols increase greatly compared with those in the past except that the concentrations of V,K,Sr,and the source of aerosols has changed greatly in the past decade.Fine mode aerosols increase more rapidly in the past decade,which may be due to the contribution of coal combustion and automobile exhaust.Pb contait in aerosol is much higher than that at the beginning of 1980s,and has a decreasing trend in recent years because of using non-leaded gasoling.