落叶阔叶树异戊二烯排放研究

采用封闭式采样方法及光离子化气体分析仪直接分析技术测定了１２种北京市主要绿化树种的异戊二烯排放速率。结果表明：法国梧桐,龙爪槐、杨树和柳树为强异戊二烯排放树种;     

MM5/WRF气象场模拟差异对CMAQ空气质量预报效果的影响

评估了为公共多尺度空气质量模式(CMAQ)提供气象输入场的第五代NCAR/Penn State中尺度 (MM5) 模式与天气研究和预报(WRF)模式模拟的多种气象要素的准确性;比较了2个模式提供的气象场对华北地区SO₂和NO₂源同化反演效果及其质量浓度预报的差异;分析了相对湿度和边界层高的变化对ρ(SO₂),ρ(NO₂)预报的影响及其物理机制.结果表明:WRF模式模拟的各气象要素准确性优于MM5模式,其中MM5模式对相对湿度和边界层高度的模拟值与实测值的偏差较明显,而WRF模式的模拟值与实测值较接近;相对湿度和边界层高度参数是影响CMAQ空气质量预报的关键气象要素,这2个参数的变化对ρ(SO₂)和ρ(NO₂)的预报有显著影响,因此,对2个参数的改进可显著减小预报误差;ρ(SO₂)模拟误差减小的主要原因是垂直输送和质量调整过程对ρ(SO₂)的贡献减小;而ρ(NO₂)模拟误差减小的主要原因是化学反应过程对ρ(NO₂)的贡献明显减小.      

高山草甸群落生物量在融雪梯度上的变化

在青藏高原东部的一个高山雪床,沿融雪从早到晚的顺序设置3个融雪梯度部位,并对每个梯度部位的环境因子和该部位上的地上与地下生物量进行了测量和比较.3个梯度部位间的融雪时间、土壤含水量和温度日较差有显著不同,而土壤营养成分及pH无明显变化.从早融部位到晚融部位,地上生物量增加,地下生物量降低,地上与地下总生物量降低,地下生物量与地上生物量的比值增大.与晚融部位相比,早融部位的地上生物量主要集中于地上0～10 cm范围内,表明在早融部位植物地上部分有变矮的趋势;早融部位的地下生物量在土壤各深度分布相对较均一,而晚融部位地下牛物量则主要集中于地下0～10 cm范围内.雪场中各部位的土壤水分含量及地表温度差异对生物量的变化有较大的影响.图5表2参33     

上海市青浦区大气挥发性有机化合物的特征

在2012年11~12月和2014年5~10月对上海市青浦区大气中58个VOCs物种进行了连续监测.结果表明,青浦区VOCs总体浓度水平较低,烷烃是其中含量最高的物种,百分含量为41.64%,其次为芳香烃25.66%、烯烃15.21%、乙炔7.71%.总VOCs的月变化特征表现为11月最高,10月最低;日变化特征表现为明显的双峰分布.通过OH消耗速率和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)计算,评估了VOCs的化学反应活性.结果表明,上海市青浦区大气VOCs的化学反应活性较强,且与VOCs浓度具有良好的一致性.OH消耗速率贡献最大的物种是烯烃56.92%和芳香烃45.24%,OFP贡献最大的物种是烯烃29.19%和芳香烃40.82%;对臭氧生成贡献最大的关键活性物种是乙烯、异戊二烯、甲苯、间/对二甲苯及丙烯等物质.利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型分析了VOCs的来源,结果显示,上海市青浦区大气中VOCs主要有6个来源,分别是汽车尾气排放、LPG泄漏、涂料和溶剂挥发、植物排放、生物质燃烧、工业排放,其贡献率分别为43%、5%、16%、3%、14%、7%.     

广东南岭大气背景点气态元素汞含量变化特征

利用高时间分辨率自动大气测汞仪(Tekran 2537B),于2012年6月~2013年5月对南岭地区大气气态元素汞(GEM)进行了为期1a的野外观测.结果表明,南岭地区年均GEM含量为(2.56±0.93)ng/m³,明显高于全球大气汞背景值(1.50~1.70ng/m³).GEM秋季含量最高[(3.03±1.08)ng/m³],春季最低[(2.30±0.69)ng/m³].日间GEM含量[(2.61±0.06)ng/m³]略高于夜间[(2.53±0.07)ng/m³],峰值出现在17:00.太阳辐射、气温、风速、相对湿度及本地源都对GEM日变化过程有一定的贡献.潜在贡献因子分析(PSCF)结果表明,大气汞的长距离迁移是南岭地区GEM的重要来源,全年南岭地区主要受源自于广西、湖南、广东和江西的大气汞迁移的共同影响.GEM主要源区与主要的有色金属冶炼厂分布有较强的一致性,暗示有色金属冶炼是影响南岭大气汞含量的重要大气汞排放源,而本地局部的燃煤排放也对监测点大气汞含量有一定的影响.     

Anthropogenic metal pollution in surface sediments of the Tambaraparni River Estuary

Estuarine sediments in the<63 μm size fraction were collected from 15 stations within the Tambaraparni River Estuary, located on the east coast of India. The distribution of the heavy metals Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Ni, Pb and Zn was recorded. Our analysis distinguished two groups of elements. First, Cd, Pb and Zn, which occurred in higher than expected concentrations indicative of pollution, and second, Co, Cr, Cu and Ni, which occurred at background levels. The highest metal concentration found in the study area was for Zn (1200 μ g·g^?1), and the lowest was for Cd (0.42 μ g·g^?1). It is presumed that river run-off, industrial waters and untreated domestic waters are major contributors to heavy metal pollution in the Tambaraparni River Estuary. The concentrations of heavy metal species in surface sediments (<2 m water depth) of the Tambaraparni Estuary were studied to determine the extent of anthropogenic inputs from catchment areas and to understand anthropogenic effects on geochemical process in this tropical estuarine system.     

Planning for the monitoring of pollutants from non‐stationary combustion sources†

The most important constituents of traffic exhaust are carbon monoxide, nitrogen oxides, volatile organic compounds, polycyclic hydrocarbons and lead. Satisfactory analytical methods are available for measuring these compounds, but the required expenditure in their application to air pollution studies is quite different. Due to correlations between the concentrations of several exhaust components in road air conclusions regarding the expected level of some substances can be drawn by measurement of another emitted compound. But the selection of indicator compounds must be made under the aspect of the source‐specific relationship of emitted substances. The temporal and spatial distribution of air pollutants in street air is affected by traffic emissions more than by meteorological conditions. “Fingerprints”; of typical organic gaseous components of traffic exhaust also were found in residential areas.     

Pollution characteristics of lead,zinc, arsenic,and cadmium in short-term storm water roof runoff in a suburban area

Pollution of hazardous elements in roof runoff has been a potential danger to aquatic ecosystem as documented in previous studies. In this study, concentrations of lead (Pb), zinc (Zn), arsenic (As), and cadmium (Cd) in roof runoff were measured for short-term rainfall events. The concentrations of the selected elements varied to a high degree during the rainfall period, and the well-known first-flush phenomenon was not observed due to the short-term rainfall patterns. Based on event mean concentrations (EMCs) and fluxes, the elemental pollution may be ranked as Zn >> Pb > As > Cd. The average levels of Pb and Zn exceeded the fourth class value and fifth class value of the environmental quality standards for surface water in China. The relative high pollution could be caused by atmospheric deposition and the erosion of crust steel appurtenance installed above the rooftop. Furthermore, elements in particulate form dominated the roof runoff pollution, and the ratios of elements in particulate form to total amounts were 0.6 (As), 0.9 (Pb), 0.7 (Cd), and 0.5 (Zn). This study cleared the pollution characteristics of hazardous elements in short-term storm water roof runoff; it was useful for the selection of best management practices.     

施肥与不施肥措施下小麦田的CO2、CH4、N2O排放日变化特征

二氧化碳（CO2）、甲烷（CH4）、氧化亚氮（N2O）是对全球气候变化影响最大的温室气体。由于土壤与大气之间的水热交换需要一定的传导平衡时间,因此土壤温室气体与温湿度之间的关系存在不同的表现形式。目前,有关温室气体研究多集中于季节性排放特征,而关于CO2、CH4、N2O的日变化研究却少见报道。以北京小麦（Triticum aestivuml）农田土壤为研究对象,对施肥和不施肥条件下CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量和气温、土壤温度进行连续观测,来探讨3种温室气体的日变化特征。采用人工静态暗箱法对小麦田土壤进行连续48 h原位观测,每2 h测定1次,每次盖箱时间为30 min。气体样品中的CO2、CH4、N2O用气相色谱仪（Agilent 6890A,FID/ECD）测定。结果表明：施肥与不施肥条件下小麦生育后期麦田土壤CO2、CH4、N2O交换通量具有明显的日变化特征。土壤表现为CH4的吸收汇、CO2和N2O的排放源。CH4的吸收通量、CO2和N2O的排放通量均表现为施肥区＞对照区。CO2、CH4的交换通量的70%以上出现在白天,而施肥区和对照区的N2O白天排放通量分别达到全天的81.8%、91.1%。另外,相关性分析表明,CO2、N2O交换通量的日变化与气温和5 cm地温呈极显著（P＜0.01）或显著（P＜0.05）的正相关关系,且N2O交换通量日变化与10 cm地温呈现极显著的正相关关系,说明温度是影响CO2、N2O交换通量日变化的重要因素;而气温、5 cm地温、10 cm地温对CH4交换通量日变化不存在显著性影响。     

毒死蜱对六种淡水节肢动物的毒性与风险评价

采用静态法测定了毒死蜱对六种水生节肢动物的48 h毒性.试验结果表明,按实测浓度计,毒死蜱对大型溞Daphnia magna、老年低额溞Simocephalus vetulus、多刺裸腹潘Moina macrocopa、锯缘真蚤Eucyclops serrulatus、介形虫Pseudocandona sp.、花翅摇蚊Chironomus kiiensis幼虫的48 h-LC50(单位:μg· L-1)分别为0.523、0.0528、0.178、7.32、2.75、90.3.这表明毒死蜱对于上述6种水生节肢动物均属于剧毒.将稻田施药下的环境浓度预测值(EECs)与基于实测浓度的48 h-LC50相比对,得到毒死蜱相对于6种水生节肢动物的急性风险商值(RQ)分别为10.29、52.95、27.20、0.73、1.96、0.06.这说明除了摇蚊幼虫,按推荐剂量使用的毒死蜱对于其他5种水生节肢动物有较高程度的急性风险.