南京市四种下垫面气温日变化规律及城市热岛效应

为了监测城市热岛特征、热场空间分布及综合评价城市环境质量,探讨消减城市热岛效应对策,2005年7—9月期间,通过对南京市的中心城区夫子庙、城市湖泊玄武湖、城市森林紫金山、城市郊区浦口四个观测点选取水泥地、草地、林地和水体四种下垫面进行温度、湿度、风速等气象因子的24 h同步观测,结果表明,(1)四个观测点的四种下垫面白天气温呈林地<水体<草地<水泥地的变化趋势,夜晚则是相反,但草地的温度最低;与水泥地比较,其他3种下垫面白昼期有明显的降温效应,均幅度为0.2~2.9℃,而夜晚林地与水体有轻微的保暖效应,晴好无风天气时这种效应更明显。(2)南京市的热岛强度平均为0.5~3.5℃,凌晨3:00左右热岛强度较大且平稳,当日出后热岛强度减小,但在中午12:00左右有一个明显回升,然后下降,至傍晚18:00~21:00,热岛强度有个强烈提升的高峰。(3)利用各观测点温度的时间标准差、空间标准差及时空数据正规化的标准差定量与定性的揭示了城市景观与城市下垫面对城市热岛效应变化的影响机理。(4)不同观测点舒适度指数表明观测期间人们对温度、湿度和风速日变化的综合生理感觉是暑热到较舒适间的变化过程,紫金山和浦口有时给人舒适的感觉。基于实验观测数据,对南京市不同下垫面的温度日变化规律、热岛强度特征、舒适度指数以及相关成因机理进行了全面分析与探讨,为城市生态建设、城市规则、城市环境治理及城市绿化建设提供重要的理论参考。     

Surface solar ultraviolet radiation: A theoretical approach of the SUVR reaching the ground in Athens, Greece

Daily total ozone observations made during 1985–1993 by both the Total Ozone Mapping Spectrometer (TOMS) flown on the Satellite Nimbus-7 and the Dobson Spectrophotometer have been used in order to investigate the fluctuations of the daily broad-band and spectral solar ultraviolet radiation reaching the ground. This investigation has been performed by employing a recently developed parametric algorithm for the estimation of the spectral and broad-band solar ultraviolet radiation which takes the total ozone variations into consideration. Total ozone reductions during the summertime from 1985 to 1993 over Athens, Greece (37.6° N, 23.4° E), cause an increase in the ultraviolet irradiance which reaches the ground of 0.54 %, 0.98 %, 2.60 % and 0.79 % per decade for the months of July at 300 nm, 312 nm, 320 nm and UVB (280-320 nm), respectively.     

三峡库区干流总磷浓度变化趋势分析研究

通过分析2000年-2015年的三峡库区长江、嘉陵江、乌江干流总磷浓度数据,掌握三峡库区总磷总体水平,长江干流总磷浓度为0.135±0.043 mg/1,为Ⅲ类水质;嘉陵江总磷浓度较低,为0.075±0.033 mg/1,为Ⅱ类水质;乌江干流总磷浓度较高,约为0.403±0.288 mg/1,为V类水质.长江重庆段入境朱沱断面的总磷浓度在枯、丰水期呈显著上升趋势,出境培石断面的总磷浓度在枯、平水期呈显著上升趋势.乌江干流入境万木断面和入库锣鹰断面总磷浓度变化趋势一致,都表现为先升高后降低.从2009年开始升高,在2011年或2012年达到峰值,最大浓度超过1.0 mg/1,然后开始逐年下降,到2015年浓度下降到0.2 mg/l.     

夹竹桃挥发性有机物日变化的测定

探究夹竹桃挥发性有机物(BVOCs)的释放特征可以为景观植物的选择提供依据.于2013年6月10日,使用动态吸附法对夹竹桃中挥发性有机物进行采集,利用GC-MS进行分析,探索其挥发性有机物的日变化规律.结果表明:在夹竹桃的释放物中共检出8大类挥发性有机物,可分为26种,包括EPA重点控制的有害污染物甲苯、乙苯、苯乙烯、苯乙酮、萘、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯等;夹竹桃BVOCs在8:00-10:00释放量最大,在13:00-15:00释放量最小,且不同类型有机物表现出不同的日变化趋势;对邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、乙苯、苯乙烯3种代表物质进行定量分析,这3种物质的平均质量浓度分别为0.019 23mg/m3、0.131 60mg/m3、4.130 20mg/m3.研究表明,夹竹桃会释放少量有害污染物,因而不适合作为景观植物.     

Origin of high particle number concentrations reaching the St. Louis, Midwest Supersite

Ultrafine particles are associated with adverse health effects. Total Particle Number Concentration (TNC) of fine particles were measured during 2002 at the St. Louis — Midwest supersite. The time series showed overall low level with frequent large peaks. The time series was analyzed alongside criteria pollutant measurements and meteorological observations. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify further contributing factors and to determine the association of different pollutants with TNC levels. This showed the strong contribution of sulfur dioxide (SO₂) and nitrogen oxides (NO_x) to high TNC levels. The analysis also suggested that increased dispersion resulting from faster winds and higher mixing heights led to higher TNC levels. Overall, the results show that there were intense particle nucleation events in a SO₂ rich plume reaching the site which contributed around 29% of TNC. A further 40% was associated with primary emissions from mobile sources. By separating the remaining TNC by time of day and clear sky conditions, we suggest that most likely 8% of TNC are due to regional nucleation events and 23% are associated with the general urban background.     

Experimental study on sediment-copper distributions in hyper-concentrated turbulent solid-liquid system

This study presents a special problem on vertical distribution for sediment and copper in hyper-concentrated turbulent solid-liquid system that is essentially different from the ordinary low-concentrated turbulent system. A resonance type turbulent simulation equipment is used for the experimental study in which a vertically uniform turbulent field of the mixture of loess and water is produced in a testing cylinder with a grille stirrer that moves up and down harmoniously with varying vibration frequencies, in order to compare the variations of the vertical profiles of sediment and copper in low- and hyper-concentratod solid-liquid system, different scenarios for input sediment content ranging from 5 to 800 kg/m^3 was considered in the experimental studies. It was found that solids copper content increases with input sediment content, So, and reaches its peak as So goes to 10 kg/m^3 and then decreases rapidly with increasing input sediment content. Such a behavior is possibly resulted from the joint effect of the specific adsorption of copper on loess, precipitation of carbonate and hydroxide of copper due to high carbonate content in the loess and the so-called ＂particulate concentration effect＂ due to the present of the sediment variation in water. The vertical sediment concentration distribution resulted from the uniform turbulence is generally uniform, but slight non-uniformity does occur as sediment concentration exceeds certain value. However, the vertical concentration distributions of soluble copper seem not to be affected much by the variation of sediment concentrations.     

Potent activity of the lichen antibiotic (+)-usnic acid against clinical isolates of vancomycin-resistant enterococci and methicillin-resistant <Emphasis Type="Italic">Staphylococcus aureus</Emphasis>

Vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) and methicillin-resistant staphylococci, most notably methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), are serious clinical problems. The antibiotic arsenal available against them is limited, and new mutants worsen the situation. We studied the activity of (+)-usnic acid, an old lichen-derived drug, and its sodium salt against clinical isolates of VRE and MRSA using the agar diffusion and minimal inhibitory concentration (MIC) methods. The acid and, especially, the sodium salt had potent antimicrobial activity against all clinical isolates of VRE and MRSA studied. The MIC values of the sodium salt against VRE strains ranged between 4 and 16 μg/ml (1-day test) and between 4 and 31 μg/ml (2-day test), being below 8 μg/ml for most strains. The salt had potent activity even against those strains that were not inhibited by ampicillin (125 μg/ml), and it never lost its activity after 24 h, in contrast to ampicillin. Thus, in spite of the fact that usnic acid can in some cases cause serious toxicity, it and its salts may be worth considering in clinical practice in cases where other therapies have failed or the microbe is resistant toward other agents.     

城市空气悬浮颗粒物时空变化规律及影响因素研究进展

对城市空气颗粒物的季节、日动态变化和空间分布规律作了综述,并探讨了人为活动、气象和特殊天气因素等对城市空气颗粒物水平的影响,最后提出目前关于城市空气悬浮颗粒物的研究中存在的问题及今后研究的发展方向。     

Traffic Parameters Estimation to Predict Road Side Pollutant Concentrations using Neural Networks

The analysis aims to evaluate which is the most important among traffic parameters (flows, queues length, occupancy degree, and travel time) to forecast CO and C₆H₆ concentrations. The study area was identified by Notarbartolo Road and bounded by Libertà Street and Sciuti Street in the urban area of Palermo in Southern Italy. In this area, various loop detectors and one pollution-monitoring site were located. Traffic data related to the pollution-monitoring site immediately near the road link were estimated by Simulation of Urban MObility (SUMO) traffic microsimulator software using as input the flows measured by loop detectors on other links of road network. Traffic and weather data were used as input variables to predict pollutant concentrations by using neural networks. Finally, after a sensitivity analysis, it was showed that queues length were the mostly correlated traffic parameters to pollutant concentrations. An erratum to this article can be found at     

Levels of Heavy Metals in Karelian Wildlife, 1989–91

The levels of mercury, cadmium, lead, copper, nickel, zinc and iron were determined in samples of liver, kidney, skeletal muscle, heart, lungs and hair of moose (N = 67), reindeer (N = 45), brown bear (N = 18), wild boar (N = 10) and squirrel (N = 18) shot in Karelia from 1989 to 1991 during regular hunting. The highest heavy-metal concentrations were found in livers, kidney, lungs and hair samples. The samples of muscle contained lowest levels of these elements. The tissues of moose, reindeer and brown bear were contaminated with heavy metals to a greatest extent. Lowest levels of toxicants were recorded in wild boar. Results indicate a widespread presence of heavy metal in the environment and in wildlife, which may be linked to acid precipitation. There was no evidence of these elements accumulated to toxic levels, but Karelian public have been informed that the eating of moose liver and kidney would probably result in their exceeding WHO standard weekly intake limit for cadmium.