城市居民区圆柏花粉浓度的时空变化及其影响因素

通过对散粉期间居民区建筑不同位置、不同高度的圆柏花粉浓度进行了全天昼夜监测。结果表明居民楼群环境对圆柏花粉的时空分布有一定的影响,具体变化规律为:1)城市居民区内圆柏花粉浓度日变化为双峰单谷型,正午前后是首次高峰期,平均浓度为25粒/(h.cm2),凌晨左右为次高峰期,谷值出现在下午18:00时到人们晚上休息之前,平均浓度为2粒/(h.cm2)。2)总体上城市楼群边缘圆柏花粉浓度垂直分布梯度为1.5 m>13.5 m>7.5 m,楼群中心圆柏花粉浓度垂直变化梯度为13.5 m>7.5 m>1.5 m。但是不同时段内,由于主导因素不同,花粉浓度的垂直分布不尽一致。最后,还分析了气象要素对圆柏花粉浓度的影响。     

夏末秋初北京市区与背景区大气污染物的对比分析

在北京市区和背景区——河北兴隆县选点,对比两地大气污染物浓度变化及污染状况.结果表明:除O₃外,北京市区主要大气污染物浓度均高于背景区,其ρ(PM_10),φ(NO_x)和φ(SO₂)的平均值分别是背景区的1.6,3.1和4.0倍,而背景区φ(O₃)平均值则是北京市区的2.2倍;与国家二级标准限值比较,夏末秋初基本上不存在SO₂和NO_x污染,大气污染物中超标最严重的是O₃,北京市区与背景区的超标天数分别是46.9%和65.5%,其次是PM₁₀,北京市区超标天数达到25%,背景区则全部达标;北京市区与背景区的大气污染物日变化特征明显不同,其中北京市区的日变化主要受人为活动影响,表现出典型的城市特征,而背景区日变化受人为活动影响小.      

Diurnal Profile of Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (pPAH) Concentration in Urban Environment in Tokyo Metropolitan Area

Traffic emits particles under 1 m. The particles arethe most responsible to particle-bound polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon (pPAH) which can impact human health. To assessthem as health hazards, we monitored diurnal changes in theconcentration and distribution of pPAH near roads in Tokyo.The total pPAH concentration was determined using aphotoelectric aerosol sensor (PAS) which ionized PAH-adsorbingparticles. The total pPAH concentration was compared withchemical analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Two sampling sessions, one in August and one inSeptember 2000, were done at three sampling sites at the Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo. Monitoring was every two minutes for six consecutive days for the first session and for seven consecutive days for the second session.Correlation of the pPAH concentration with traffic flow andwith meteorological conditions were also assessed. The pPAHconcentration varied in the same manner on all days: it sharplyincreased in the early morning by a sudden burden of traffic, and it rapidly decreased during the daytime, probably owing tophotodegradation and/or dilution by rising in the mixingzone. The local wind field, and consequently thetransportation of pPAH from the road, were stronglyinfluenced by the configuration and location of thesurrounding buildings. The pPAH clearly changed in 1- and0.5 day cycles, particularly at the roadside.     

REVERSIBLE ADSORPTION OF AQUEOUS DIVALENT COPPER ION BY ESTUARINE SEDIMENTS1

Sediments were equilibrated with solutions containing divalent copper ion. A colorimetric method using the triethylenete-tramine complex of the metal ion was employed to measure changes in uptake of copper by the sediments. Studies were made with sediments from rivers in the British Isles which were in the proximity of areas which had been mined for metals for several hundred years. For comparison, similar studies were performed with a sample of sand and a soil with a high organic content. It was possible to follow the uptake of copper ion by the materials and estimate their abilities to adsorb copper ion. In particular, a strong correlation was observed between the organic content of the sediment and the total amount of copper adsorbed by the sample. Under the employed circumstances it was possible to demonstrate that the adsorption of the metal ion was reversible.     

Seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi

We present the diurnal and seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi, India. Ambient NH3, NO and NO2 were measured continuously during winter, summer and autumn seasons using NH3- and NOx-analyzer, which operates by chemiluminescence method with a higher estimation e ciency (> 90%) than the chemical trap method (reproducibility 4.7%). Prominent diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal variations of ambient mixing ratio of NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 were observed during the study period. Seasonal variation with higher mixing ratio in winter was observed for all measured trace gases except NO. Day-night variation of all measured trace gases observed was higher in winter in comparison with summer. Late morning increase in NO2 mixing ratio might be attributed to conversion of NO to NO2 with the interaction of O3.     

高速公路雨水径流重金属污染特性研究

对南京机场高速公路路面径流中Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn这4种重金属进行了现场取样检测,重点探讨了重金属污染的出流规律、事件平均浓度(EMC),并分析了降雨特征对径流重金属污染的影响.结果表明,不同类型降雨事件重金属污染出流规律不同：降雨历时短、降雨量小、降雨强度小的降雨事件重金属浓度在一定范围内波动,在整个径流过程中始终维持在较高水平;降雨历时长、降雨量大、前期强度大的降雨事件初期污染物浓度高、污染重,初期效应显著;降雨历时短、降雨量较大具有双峰雨型的降雨事件中重金属出流存在“二次冲刷"现象.计算结果表明,Cd、Cu、Pb和Zn的EMC中值浓度分别为1.43 μg·L^-1、 0.092 mg·L^-1、 38.6 μg·L^-1和0.51 mg·L^-1.Pb总体污染程度较严重,Cd、Cu和Zn与国内同类研究相比污染程度较为接近.重金属浓度与降雨特征相关性分析表明,降雨量对Cu的溶解出流影响较大,前期晴天数对Zn在路面的积累影响较大.     

鄂尔多斯市夏秋季黑碳气溶胶时间演变特征及其来源解析

使用AE-33于2019年8月12日至10月4日观测了黑碳（BC）浓度,结合PM、污染气体和气象要素数据、 HYSPLIT模式、 PSCF和CWT模式,分析了BC的时间演变特征、潜在来源及其主要影响区域.结果表明,ρ（BC）平均值为882 ng·m^-3,占PM_2.5的质量分数为6.08%.ρ（BC）主要集中在200～1 000 ng·m^-3,占总样本数的55.9%.在不同BC浓度范围内,均是以BC_液态为主,平均占比为86%. BC和PM_2.5浓度的日变化均为单峰型分布,峰值分别位于08:00和10:00,峰值浓度分别增加了24.3%和47.2%.BC_固态的日变化为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于08:00和20:00, BC_液态的日变化为单峰型分布,峰值位于08:00. BC与NO₂的相关性较好,与SO₂的相关性较弱,说明BC受交通源的影响较大,受工业源的影响较小.影响鄂尔多斯市的主导气团可分为4类...     

太湖水-气界面CO2交换通量观测研究

基于2003-01～2005-06利用静态箱法对太湖水-气界面CO2交换通量的观测,对太湖水-气界面交换通量的变化特征进行了分析研究.结果表明:太湖水-气界面CO2交换通量存在明显的日变化,春、夏、秋、冬4季日平均通量分别为-0.79 mg/(m2·h)、-4.89 mg/(m2·h)、-4.06 mg/(m2·h)和-2.56 mg/(m2·h),太湖均是CO2的汇.一般污染越重的区域,CO2通量值越大.藻型湖区水-气界面CO2交换通量季节变化不明显,草型湖区水-气界面CO2交换通量季节变化很明显,夏秋季高,冬春季低.CO2通量变化的可能相关因子还有天气情况、太阳辐射、风速及水温、pH、TA、Chla、TC、TN和TP等.     

Spatial and Geographical Variations of Urban, Suburban and Rural Atmospheric Concentrations of Phenols and Nitrophenols (7 pp)

Goal, Scope and Background Atmospheric sampling (gas and particles) of 5 phenols (phenol, m-cresol, p-cresol, o-cresol, pentachlorophenol) and 15 nitrophenols (3-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 3-nitrophenol, 4-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 5-methyl-2-nitrophenol, 2-methyl-3nitrophenol, 3-methyl-4-nitrophenol, 2,6-dinitrophenol, bromoxynil, 2,5-dinitrophenol, 2,6-dinitro-p-cresol, 2,4-dinitrophenol, ioxynil, DNOC, 3,4-dinitrophenol, dinoseb) on XAD-2 resin (20 gr) and glass fibre filters, respectively, were performed in 2002 by using 'Digitel DA80' high volume samplers. These measurements were undertaken in order to show spatial and geographical variations of concentrations and the role of traffic in the emissions of these compounds to the atmosphere. Methods Sampling were performed in Strasbourg (eastern France), in its vicinity (Schiltigheim) and in Erstein. Sites were chosen to be representative of urban (Strasbourg), suburban (Schiltigheim) and rural (Erstein) conditions. Field campaigns were undertaken simultaneously in urban and suburban sites during all the seasons during 4 hours at a flow rate of 60 m3.h-1, which gives a total of 240 m3 of air per sample. Period of sampling varied between 06h00 to 10h00, 11h00 to 15h00 and 18h00 to 22h00 in order to evaluate a variation of concentration during automobile traffic between urban, suburban and rural areas. Gas and particle samples were separately Soxhlet extracted for 12 h with a mixture of CH2Cl2 / n-hexane (50:50 v/v), concentrated to about 1 mL with a rotary evaporated and finally dried under nitrogen. Dry extracts were dissolved in 1 mL of CH3CN. Before analysis, extracts were sylilated by using MTBSTFA. Analysis was performed by GC/MSD in the SIM mode. Results and Discussion Partitioning of phenolic compounds between gas and particle phases seems to be mainly correlated with vapour pressure. Among phenolic compounds analysed, phenol, p-cresol, pentachlorophenol and 2.4-dinitrophenol were detected in all samples and emissions from traffic seems to be the major source for the presence of these compounds to the atmosphere. No increase of concentrations in autumn tend to confirm this hypothesis since, with the use of domestic heating in colder months, increases of PAHs concentrations were observed and these compounds are known to be emitted by all combustion processes. Pentachlorophenol is a special case since this molecule is only used as wood preservative. Its presence in all atmospheric samples, whatever the locations and the period of time is the consequence of its persistence. Conclusions and Perspectives These measurements demonstrate that phenols and nitrophenols are emitted to the atmosphere and further measurements, in order to confirm their sources, their behaviour and their potential impact to the air quality and to human health should be undertaken especially since the literature collected is relatively old. Concentrations of pentachlorophenol measured are very low and, due to its toxicity, further investigations should be undertaken. - * The basis of this peer-reviewed paper is a presentation at the 9th FECS Conference on 'Chemistry and Environment', 29 August to 1 September 2004, Bordeaux, France.     

川藏铁路沿线地区夏季气温日较差的影响因素研究

利用ERA5再分析资料,分析了1979—2018年川藏铁路沿线区域气候特征.研究了2014—2018年夏季气温日较差(DTR)的变化趋势,以及2014—2018年夏季DTR与地面太阳辐射(SSR)、总降水量(TP)、总云量(TCC)、海拔(DEM)和地表平均蒸发率(MER)的相关性.结果表明:研究区域气温呈上升趋势,2...