上海城市土地利用形成、变化及其空间作用机制

基于多时段TM遥感影象资料,对上海地区近10年来城市土地利用变化类型、形成过程和相关空间机制进行了研究,结果表明：①农业用地是全区近10年来城市用地扩展的主要来源;②灌草丛与弃耕地作为一类独特的“中间过渡”土地利用类型,其数量、分布在一定程度上指示着新开发区形成、扩展的强度和方位;③具有较大面积、较少转变次数的土地利用变化类型,其空间格局强度最为显著,空间凝集度和亲和性也最强,构成区域城市化扩展的主体骨架。在此基础上,以具有较大规模的多个扩展核（常构成城市的CBD）为核心的“多核扩展”和以卫星城、交通干线周围为主的“点—轴扩展”模式,成为本区域城市化过程中城市形态组建和扩展的主要形式;④上海中心城区及其他主要城镇城市化过程中土地利用效率和集约化程度较高,以中、小城镇为主的城市化扩展过程则往往经历了较多的土地利用转变方式及其过程,城市化过程中土地集约化使用程度低,城市化土地利用扩展过程显得零散,规律性、可解释性较差。     

电化学脱硫的电极过程动力学研究

在电化学烟气脱硫回收硫酸的过程中,通过循环伏安扫描曲线、峰值电流(Ip)与扫描速度的关系以及电解液温度对峰值电流的影响,初步研究了溴离子阳极氧化反应的动力学特性,为进一步研究电化学脱硫提供了理论依据.     

柴达木盆地水资源承载方案系统分析

利用系统动力学对柴达木盆地的水资源承载力进行了深入研究 .根据该地区的特点以人口为主要承载目标建立了柴达木盆地水资源系统动力学仿真模型 ( SDIMWRSCCB) .通过该模型对柴达木盆地 2020年和 2050年的水资源承载力以及承载人口进行了预测和分析 ,提出高、中、低 3个方案 .并进一步分析比较得出一个经济和环境协调发展的综合方案 ,从而为决策者提供了科学的决策依据 .     

Effects of forest fragmentation on avian breeding activity

Biodiversity declines and ecosystem decay follow forest fragmentation; initially, abundant species may become rare or be extirpated. Underlying mechanisms behind delayed extirpation of certain species following forest fragmentation are unknown. Species declines may be attributed to an inadequate number of breeding adults required to replace the population or decreased juvenile survival rate due to reduced recruitment or increased nest predation pressures. We used 10 years of avian banding data, 5 years before and 4 years after fragment isolation, from the Biological Dynamics of Forest Fragments Project, carried out near Manaus, Brazil, to investigate the breeding activity hypothesis that there is less breeding activity and fewer young after relative to before fragment isolation. We compared the capture rates of active breeding and young birds in 3 forest types (primary forest, fragment before isolation, and fragment after isolation) and the proportion of active breeding and young birds with all birds in each unique fragment type before and after isolation. We grouped all bird species by diet (insectivore or frugivore) and nesting strategy (open cup, cavity, or enclosed) to allow further comparisons among forest types. We found support for the breeding activity hypothesis in insectivorous and frugivorous birds (effect sizes 0.45 and 0.53, respectively) and in birds with open-cup and enclosed nesting strategies (effect sizes 0.56 and 0.44, respectively) such that on average there were more breeding birds in fragments before isolation relative to after isolation. A larger proportion of birds in the community were actively breeding before fragment isolation (72%) than after fragment isolation (11%). Unexpectedly, there was no significant decrease in the number of young birds after fragment isolation, although sample sizes for young were small (n = 43). This may have been due to sustained immigration of young birds to fragments after isolation. Together, our results provide some of the strongest evidence to date that avian breeding activity decreases in response to fragment isolation, which could be a fundamental mechanism contributing to ecosystem decay.     

北京市大气中CO的浓度变化监测分析

CO是城市大气中一种重要的污染物,在城市和区域的光化学反应中起着重要的作用.用装配氢火焰离子化检测器(FID)的HP5890II气相色谱(GC)方法,以每10min的采样频率,在北京中科院大气物理研究所325m气象环境观测铁塔上(39°9′N,116°4′E),对北京城市大气CO浓度进行了连续监测,时间为2004-01～2004-12.结果显示北京城市大气CO浓度日变化呈双峰型,1d之中出现2个高峰期,早晨07:00～08:00和夜晚22:00～23:00,最高浓度值分别达到13.8mg·m-3,17.1mg·m-3.不同季节CO的日变化存在差异:冬季、秋季的日变化幅度大,而夏季、春季的日变化幅度小.秋季、冬季早晨上班高峰期后CO浓度下降快,春季、夏季上班高峰期后CO浓度下降慢.CO的这种日变化是由地表排放源和气象条件共同决定的.另外,CO存在明显的季节变化,总的表现为浓度最高值出现在冬季12月份(4.0±3.4)mg·m-3,浓度最低值出现在5月份(1.7±0.7)mg·m-3.整个观测期间1a的平均浓度为(2.6±1.9)mg·m-3,采暖期平均浓度为(3.5±2.6)mg·m-3,非采暖期平均浓度为(2.2±1.2)mg·m-3.     

城市生活垃圾问题研究的系统动力学方法

利用被称为战略与策略实验室的系统动力学方法,建立了城市生活垃圾问题的系统动力学研究模型;以北京市为实例,探讨了垃圾排放及污染随人口和经济发展的变化,以及污染和占地损失、绿色GDP核算、居民家庭、企事业单位生活垃圾与建筑垃圾组合收费方案等问题.     

受内压椭圆封闭薄壁截面杆的小变形动力学性质

讨论受内压椭圆封闭薄壁截面杆的小变形动力学性质。把内压产生的应力作为初应力,利用薄壁杆理论和初应力位形上附加变形的线性理论,研究相对初应力位形产生的附加变形控制方程,由此给出小变形动力学性质的定量分析方法和拉压、弯曲、扭转固有频率用内压表示的数值结果。     

PFC-APG-SA水成膜泡沫防治油液储运火灾实验研究

为有效防治油液在储运过程中易发生火灾问题,针对油液储运火灾特点,研发1种PFC-APG-SA水成膜泡沫材料。基于发泡性能、表面张力、pH值和抗烧性能,对复配的8种水成膜泡沫液开展性能测试实验,优选出最佳配方。结合分子动力学模拟,探究复配表面活性剂在模拟体系界面中分子排布作用的微观机理。研究结果表明：新型水成膜泡沫液发泡倍数为9.5,泡沫形态稳固,表面张力为17.521 mN/m,抗烧时间约为784 s,用量小且可以有效抑制油液燃烧;在分子动力学模拟中,复配的表面活性剂分子在油表面排列更为紧密,与油之间的相互作用能绝对值为8 210.238 kJ/mol,相互作用强且结构稳定。研究结果可为水成膜泡沫在油液储运火灾防治中的应用提供一定参考。     

Aldehyde Concentrations in Ambient Air of Coastal Georgia, U.S.A.

Aldehydes are an airborne byproduct of many industrialprocesses, vehicle transportation, and emissions fromnumerous natural sources. To characterize aldehydeconcentrations in ambient air of the Savannah, Georgiaarea, air samples for 3 aldehydes (formaldehyde,acetaldehyde, and propionaldehyde) were collected atfive sites on a monthly basis over a 12-month periodfrom December of 1995 through November 1996. Four ofthe sites were in central Savannah and the fifth sitewas located in a rural area about 56 km south ofSavannah. During each 24-hr sampling episode, sampleswere collected in two 12-hr periods approximatingdaylight and nighttime hours, following U.S. EPAMethod TO-11. Formaldehyde concentrations ranged from0.17 to 6.80 g m^-3, acetaldehydeconcentrations ranged from 0.07 to7.60 g m^-3, and propionaldehyde levels rangedfrom 0.02 to 9.10 g m^-3. On average, thefour sites in Savannah had higher aldehydeconcentrations than the rural site (2.0 versus1.2 g m^-3 for formaldehyde, 2.3 versus1.7 g m^-3 for acetaldehyde, and 1.2 versus1.0 g m^-3 for propionaldehyde). The daytimeconcentrations for formaldehyde and acetaldehyde werehigher than the nighttime levels. The data from allthe sites were within published worldwide backgroundvalues for aldehydes.     

太湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾现存量的周年动态研究——以梅梁湾、贡湖湾为例

太湖日本沼虾与秀丽白虾资源较为丰富,在太湖渔业中占有非常重要的地位,但对两种虾类资源动态的研究较少。对梅梁湾和贡湖日本沼虾、秀丽白虾现存量进行了周年调查,结果表明,梅梁湾和贡湖湾日本沼虾丰度和现存量一年内出现波动,冬季较低,春季开始增加,夏季达到高峰,9月后丰度和现存量大幅下降,随后随着个体的生长又有所上升,说明其资源量在短期内受繁殖和捕捞的影响会大幅震荡。不同湖区日本沼虾丰度和现存量存在差异,夏季沿岸带的丰度和现存量明显比敞水区大,主要是6~9月沿岸带分布量增多,说明日本沼虾繁殖季节的亲虾及当年繁殖的幼虾大量栖息于沿岸带,而非敞水区。贡湖秀丽白虾水草区丰度和现存量最高,说明秀丽白虾喜栖息于有沉水植物分布的水域。为合理利用太湖虾类资源提供依据