调水过程中城市内河含氮污染物负荷变化规律研究

针对我国城市内河污染日益严重的问题,以巢湖市老城区环城河为研究对象,拟定调水方案,进行调水试验。依据沿河水文水质情况,布设6个实时水质监测点,并将环城河概化为5个河段。应用测得的水文水质数据对各河段不同时间点的含氮污染物负荷进行估算,初步研究了各河段NH3-N、TN负荷量的变化规律。通过对比上下游各河段含氮污染物负荷去除效果,分析调水效果的影响因素,总结个别河段调水效果不佳的原因,提出4条优化意见。并结合实际情况,选取其中可行性较强的1条对其有效性进行实验验证。     

广州城区夏季大气颗粒物数浓度谱分布特征

于2013年6月2日—7月15日,利用扫描迁移性粒谱仪(SMPS)对广州城区大气17～800 nm的粒子谱进行了连续观测,同时结合在线小时ρ(PM_2.5)及气象数据,对颗粒物污染特征进行了分析. 结果表明:观测期间,凝结核模态粒子、爱根核模态粒子、积聚模态粒子的数浓度范围分别为68～7 687、1 009～47 724、238～14 781 cm-3.平均数浓度谱及体积谱均呈单峰分布,峰值分别出现在50和300 nm左右. 根据双模态对数正态分布模型对平均数浓度谱拟合的结果可知,爱根核模态粒子和积聚核模态粒子的几何平均粒径分别为48和144 nm. 颗粒物数浓度及其谱分布日变化特征明显,在交通高峰及太阳辐射较强的时间段均出现峰值. 在观测阶段,粒子增长现象频繁发生,推测大气光化学反应引起的气-粒转化是广州城区夏季大气颗粒物的重要来源. 7月12—13日广州城区发生了一次典型的大气污染过程,ρ(PM_2.5)由18 μg/m3增至112 μg/m3,能见度降至8 km. 在该时间段,积聚模态粒子体积分数与ρ(PM_2.5)变化一致,R2(相关系数)达到了0.85. 后向轨迹分析表明,污染气团主要来自于西南方向,在陆地停留时间较长.      

煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真研究

为了深入探讨煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的影响机理,针对煤矿井下安全环境的复杂性和特殊性,建立了煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性的系统动力学仿真模型,采用变异系数法确定各影响因素的权重系数,通过文献调研和问卷调查,完成了煤矿井下安全系统脆弱性仿真。结果表明:设备系统对安全系统暴露度效果最显著;环境系统对安全系统敏感度效果最显著;员工系统和管理系统对安全系统适应度效果最显著。为了有效提升煤矿井下安全系统水平,煤矿企业需要通过改进设备系统（尤其是员工安全保障品）来降低安全系统暴露度,通过完善环境管理（尤其是尘毒治理情况）来降低安全系统敏感度,通过加强员工系统和管理系统（尤其是员工违规操作和安全监督检查）来提升安全系统适应度。     

中国城市建设用地的动态变化态势与调控

城市建设用地总量及其用地结构动态变化的合理性是衡量一个国家和地区城镇化进程是否健康、城镇化发展质量是否高效的晴雨表。1981—2014年间的35 a来,中国城市建设用地在数量、人均面积和用地扩张弹性系数上均发生了巨大变化,城市建设用地增加了6.44倍,年均净增1 311 km²;人均城市建设用地增加了2.78倍,年均净增2.37 m²;城市建设用地扩张速度明显高于人口增长速度,且呈现出大快大慢的波浪状起伏变化态势。城市建设用地结构总体处在稳定变化的合理区间,东部地区各类城市建设用地总量占全国50%以上,近年呈微降趋势;大中小城市建设用地比例基本保持在50%∶20%∶30%的区间。近35 a来中国城市建设用地扩张存在的主要问题表现为城市建设用地无序蔓延问题严重,人均建设用地居高不下;城市建设用地结构不尽协调,降低了城市用地集约利用效率;城镇化和经济增长过于依赖建设用地,短期难以扭转;新城新区建设过多过大,加剧了城市建设用地的过度扩张。未来中国城市建设用地调控中,要综合防范城市用地无序扩张蔓延,提高土地集约利用水平;优化城市建设用地结构和功能,实现城市精明集约增长;因地因城因类地制订出差别化的建设用地调控措施;进一步科学引导我国新城新区的适度理性建设。     

基于土地利用回归模型的北京市2013-2019年大气污染时空变化分析

在近年来大力控制大气污染的背景下,通过历史观测数据分析污染物的时空变化特征,有助于总结以往控制的成效,并为制定下一阶段措施提供科学依据.本研究基于北京市大气环境质量监测站点2013—2019年数据,分析了6种常规大气污染物（PM_2.5、NO₂、O₃、PM₁₀、SO₂、CO）的时间变化趋势,并构建了2013和2019年PM_2.5、NO₂和O₃ 3种主要污染物的土地利用回归模型（Land use regression model, LUR）,对它们详细的空间分布及变化特征进行了分析.结果表明,污染物浓度在过去7年中发生了重大变化,除O₃增长,其余5种污染物下降明显.不同城区间的差异在迅速缩小,污染物浓度在空间上趋于均匀.PM_2.5呈明显的南高北低,城区NO₂浓度显著高于郊区和山区,O₃在主城区尤其是道路附近浓度较低.约50%的区域PM_2.5下降30 μg·m^-3以上,约40%的区域NO₂下降幅度为5~15 μg·m^-3,道路附近O₃升幅在20 μg·m^-3以内.研究结果揭示出北京市及其周边地区大气污染治理近年来取得了卓有成效的成绩,但同时也面临着O₃浓度升高的新挑战.     

2001—2018年浙江省酸雨变化特征及影响因素分析

利用2001—2018年浙江省32个城市酸雨观测资料,结合数理统计和GIS空间插值,分析了全省降水酸度变化、化学组分特征及其影响因素。研究结果表明,以2009年为拐点,浙江省酸雨污染呈先加重后减轻的趋势,降水酸度和酸雨率均得到显著改善。2009年后,轻酸雨城市的比例不断上升。至2018年,全省大部分城市均处于轻酸雨区,并有部分非酸雨城市出现。降水中的硫酸根离子浓度呈显著下降趋势,硝酸根离子浓度呈波动变化,但变化不显著。硫酸根离子与硝酸根离子的当量浓度比值呈显著下降趋势,由2002年的3.48降至2018年的1.35,酸雨类型由硫酸主导型向复合型转变。二氧化氮、硝酸根离子和可吸入颗粒物是影响降水pH的主要因素,氮氧化物对浙江省降水酸度的影响不断增大。因此,在加强区域硫氮协同控制的同时,着力加强氮氧化物深度减排是进一步改善浙江省酸雨状况的关键。     

中国西南地区时雨量分布特征与时月变化

利用2005-2017年夏半年国家大监站的逐小时降水量资料,14个要素被设计来进行多角度分析。多数要素与地形高度有良好的负相关关系。时段雨量最大值主要集中地是四川盆地西部,其次是贵州南部,云南南部边缘地带有少许站点,云贵高原主体及其与青藏高原交接带内没有最大值出现。多个要素在9到12时出现日变化最高峰。月际变化一般在7月出现最大值。随月份推进,强降水区会在贵州西南部、云南南部边缘出现后,跳跃到川渝地区出现。时段累积雨量最大值随时间增加而增加,多个要素的时间增加一倍时雨量增大10%到20%。以小时而言,西南地区降水几率平均为1/10,最多的可以达到1/4,最少的不到1/14。6月份降水时数最多,10月的雨时数仅次于6月,4月最少。连续时段与标准日界时段雨量的显著差异出现在川渝地区;白天12 h降水与夜间12 h降水的显著差异也出现在川渝地区。总体而言,连续时段的累积雨量大于标准日界的相同时间长度的累积雨量,白天降水量大于夜间降水量。     

The effect of Oja-titun market effluent on the chemical quality of receiving OPA reservoir in Ile-Ife, Nigeria

The effect of market effluent from the Oja-titun market in Ile-Ife, Nigeria on the chemical quality of the Opa Reservoir located 3.5 km downstream was investigated between February and November 2000. Water samples were collected in February, May, August and November from 16 sites, four along each of the market drainage channels (MDC), market stream, tributary stream and the Opa River and Reservoir. The peak level of each variable-biochemical oxygen demand, temperature, total alkalinity, Na(+), K(+), Ca(2+), Mg(2+), PO(4)(3+), SO(4)(2+), Cl(-), NO(3)(-), Pb and Zn-occurred at the MDC, and decreased significantly downstream, except pH, conductivity and dissolved oxygen, which increased. Seasonal fluctuation in most variables was pronounced. Generally, there were high values in the early dry and dry seasons and low values in the rainy and early rainy seasons. Comparison of the reservoir water with international limitation standards for drinking water supply showed that the quality of the reservoir water was very low and that treatment required to achieve minimum limitation standards for drinking water would be both intensive and expensive. The study concluded that the stream borne effluent from the market impacts significantly on the chemical quality of the reservoir water although other tributaries within the Reservoir's catchment are other possible sources of pollutants in the reservoir.     

SAMPLING FREQUENCY SELECTION FOR REGULATORY WATER QUALITY MONITORING1

ABSTRACT: The selection of sampling frequencies in order to achieve reasonably small and uniform confidence interval widths about annual sample means or sample geometric means of water quality constituents is suggested as a rational approach to regulatory monitoring network design. Methods are presented for predicting confidence interval widths at specified sampling frequencies while considering both seasonal variation and serial correlation of the quality time series. Deterministic annual cycles are isolated and serial dependence structures of the autoregressive, moving average type are identified through time series analysis of historic water quality records. The methods are applied to records for five quality constituents from a nine-station network in Illinois. Confidence interval widths about annual geometric means are computed over a range of sampling frequencies appropriate in regulatory monitoring. Results are compared with those obtained when a less rigorous approach, ignoring seasonal variation and serial correlation, is used. For a monthly sampling frequency the error created by ignoring both seasonal variation and serial correlation is approximately 8 percent. Finally, a simpler technique for evaluating serial correlation effects based on the assumption of AR(1) type dependence is examined. It is suggested that values of the parameter p₁, in the AR(1) model should range from 0.75 to 0.90 for the constituents and region studied.     

RUNOFF,EROSION, AND SOLUTES IN THE LOWER TRUCKEE RIVER,NEVADA, DURING 19691

The Truckee River heads in the Sierra Nevada at Lake Tahoe, and terminates in Pyramid Lake. During the 1969 water year, flow about 9 miles upstream from the mouth (974,000 acre-ft) was almost four times the long-term average, due mainly to heavy winter rains and spring snowmelt. A short period of low-altitude rainfall produced the highest concentrations of suspended sediment, whereas a much longer subsequent period of snowmelt yielded a much greater total quantity of material. The upper 90 percent of the basin yielded about 260 acre-feet (630,000 tons) of sediment at the Nixon gage, whereas an estimated 2,800 acre-feet (6.8 million tons) was contributed by erosion of about 200 acres of river bank below the gage. Solute content at the gage ranged from 80 to 450 mg/l, dominated by calcium, sodium, and bicarbonate, plus silica in the most dilute snowmelt and chloride in the most concentrated low flows. Solute load totaled about 130,000 tons, of which the principal constituents in Pyramid Lake-sodium plus equivalent bicarbonate and chloride-amounted to almost 40,000 tons. The total solute load during a year of average flow may be 45,000-55,000 tons, including 18,000-22,000 tons of principal lake constituents.