北运河武清段水污染时空变异特征

通过对北运河武清段水系(主河道——北运河和龙凤河,北运河支流——柳河、灌溉沟渠)的水质进行监测,采用灰色关联法对水质状况进行评价,并利用多元统计法对污染的时空变异特征进行了分析.结果表明,北运河武清段水系17个观测点中有23.8%的观测点的水质为Ⅲ类水,12.7%为Ⅳ类水,63.5%为Ⅴ类水.水质存在时空变异,夏、冬季节各河道水质差异不显著,春、秋季节差异显著.沟渠水质最差,其总磷(TP)含量和BOD5值明显高于其他河道;TP、硝态氮(NO3--N)、COD、总有机碳(TOC)、温度(T)、溶解氧(DO)和总氮(TN)解释了全部的季节性变异,BOD5、pH、溶解性总固体(TDS)和叶绿素a(Chl-a)的季节变异主要受人为因素影响,氧化还原电位(ORP)、氨氮(NH4+-N)和亚硝态氮(NO2--N)次之.NH4+-N和TN解释了51%的空间变异,主河道的氮污染是由上游工厂和企业排放污水造成的;北运河武清段的主要污染物依次为:有机污染物、氨氮、硝态氮、酸碱废水和磷,污染表现为复合污染,点源仍是最主要的污染源.     

PCDD/Fs in soil around a hospital waste incinerator: comparison after three years of operation

Polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs) can be formed during the cooling of flue gases in waste incinerator. These pollutants are either in the gas phase or attached to the fine particles, escaping dust collection. After stack emission, they are slowly oxidized photochemically (gas phase), or eventually are deposited (dry and wet deposition of particulate) in earth surface. In 2007 and 2010, 11 soil samples were collected in the vicinity of a hospital waste incinerator (HWI), prior and after its startup. In order to find out any variation of PCDD/Fs in soil, in brief dioxins, their concentrations were analyzed by high-resolution gas chromatography with high-resolution mass spectrometry (HRGC/HRMS). Compared to the baseline survey (2007), PCDD/Fs in soil significantly increased, by average, +81.6% in total PCDD/Fs and +132.7% in international toxic equivalency (I-TEQ) unit. By principal component analysis (PCA), both the PCDD/Fs homologue and the HxCDF isomer profile in soil were found to become more similar with fly ash. Generally, this incinerator influences the soil only in a limited area. More comprehensive supervision, stricter management and more advanced technology should be implemented in this plant to reduce pollutants emission, even though the level of PCDD/Fs in soil is quite low at present.     

Diurnal variation of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons in PM10 at a roadside site in Xiamen, China

Intensive daytime and nighttime sampling was carried out from 23 Oct to 31 Dec 2008 to investigate the occurrence of nitrated polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (NPAHs) in PM₁₀ at a roadside site in Xiamen, China. At the same time, six PM₁₀ samples were collected from a nearby roadway tunnel for comparison. Six NPAHs, namely 9-nitroanthracene, 2-and 3-nitrofluoranthene, 1-nitropyrene, 7-nitrobenz[a]anthracene, and 6-nitrobenzo[a]pyrene, were identified and quantified using GC/MS in negative ion chemical ionization mode. The average total concentration of six NPAHs (∑NPAHs) in the cold season (26 Nov-31 Dec) was 2.3 (daytime) and 9.9 (nighttime) times higher than those in the warm season. Significant statistical difference (p < 0.01, 2-tailed) of ∑NPAHs between daytime and nighttime was found during both the warm and cold seasons. NPAHs were significantly positively correlated with their parent PAHs and nitrogen dioxide but negatively correlated with ambient temperature. The ratio of 2 + 3-nitrofluoranthene to 1-nitropyrene exhibited a similar diurnal pattern as ∑NPAHs and was generally greater than 5, indicating the importance of secondary atmospheric formation. The diurnal variations of NPAHs were all influenced by the diurnal variations of PAHs, nitrogen dioxide, sunlight, and temperature. The daily inhalable exposure to the six NPAHs in the tunnel was much higher than the roadside values in the warm season but only slightly higher than those in the cold season.     

炉渣为包敷滤料的暗管排水中TDS含量变化特征

实验室模拟"浅密式"暗管排盐工艺,以炉渣为暗管包敷滤料,研究在补水淋溶和重力水下渗作用下,暗管排水中总溶解固体(TDS)含量及土壤含盐量变化特征。试验结果表明,暗管排水中TDS含量呈先快后慢的下降趋势,其累积分布曲线用y=aln(x)+b模型拟合时,具有很高的拟合度;土壤的淋溶脱盐效果与土壤初始含盐量、淋溶次数、排水TDS总量及包敷滤料等因素相关;淋溶次数为5次,采用高炉液态渣为包敷滤料,厚度15 cm,1 200 mm2/m规格的波纹塑料暗管铺设方式,脱盐率可达69%。该研究可为炉渣应用于暗管排盐工程提供技术支持。     

黄河口溶解无机碳时空分布特征及影响因素研究

河口是全球碳循环的重要区域.为了研究黄河口表层水中溶解无机碳(DIC)的时空分布特征,2013年春季、夏季、秋季、深秋分别对表层水进行采样分析,讨论了DIC含量与环境因子间的相关关系.结果表明,黄河口表层水体DIC浓度在26.34~39.43 mg·L-1,其分布趋势为淡水端高于海水端,在盐度小于15‰的区域发生明显亏损,最大亏损量为20.46%;季节分布规律表现为春季秋季深秋夏季.通过主成分分析表明,水温、悬浮物、盐度、叶绿素a是影响黄河口表层水DIC浓度变化的主要因素,其解释效率达83%,而碱度、p H、溶解有机碳、溶解氧等因素对DIC分布特征的影响不容忽视.DIC在低盐区亏损的主要原因是碳酸钙沉降.黄河口DIC呈逐年增长趋势,主要受水体停留时间、温度、外源输入及环境条件等因素的影响.     

太原市典型大气污染物时空分布及其成因分析研究

根据太原市2001年-2012年环境空气定点监测数据,采用分时段统计分析和GIS空间分析相结合的方法探讨了太原市主要大气污染物的时空分布特征,并分析了形成原因.结果表明,太原市环境空气污染物浓度呈逐年下降趋势,环境空气质量逐步改善,这与太原市积极转变经济结构,加强污染控制有直接的关系.但是,太原市自然气象条件和污染源格局都不利于环境空气质量的改善,太原市空气污染情况依然严峻.     

喀什市2022年环境空气质量特征分析

为摸清喀什市环境空气质量变化特征,为管理部门进行污染精准管控提供科学参考,基于喀什市2022年环境空气自动监测数据开展分析研究。结果表明:2022年喀什市二氧化硫、二氧化氮、臭氧、一氧化碳年均质量浓度均优于国家二级标准。超标污染物主要为可吸入颗粒物和细颗粒物。喀什市细颗粒物、可吸入颗粒物浓度呈春、秋、冬季高,夏季低的季节特征。     

1986-2020年上海苏州河水质时空变化特征

以1986-2020年苏州河水质监测数据为依据,将水质变化过程划分成1986-1996年、1997-2006年和2007-2020年3个阶段,系统分析了苏州河水质状况及多年时空变化特征。结果表明,在第1阶段(1986-1996年),苏州河整体处于重度污染水平,从上游到下游水质显著恶化,市区段污染严重;在第2阶段(1997-2006年),苏州河市区段水质显著改善,有机污染指标消除劣Ⅴ类,氨氮和总磷仍处于较高污染水平,上下游水质逐渐趋同;在第3阶段(2007-2020年),苏州河水质持续改善,特别是2016年以来改善明显,2020年水质达到34年来的最好水平。苏州河水质改善与上海市实施的全市及苏州河多轮环境综合治理工程、上游来水水质改善等密切相关,反映了苏州河30多年环境综合治理的突出成效,并为城市黑臭水体治理提供经验。     

南京市大气颗粒物中水溶性离子的粒径分布和来源解析

为探讨南京市PM10、PM2.1和PM1.1中水溶性离子的季节变化和其主要来源,分别在南京市区和北郊进行了为期1 a的观测,得到了南京市城郊气溶胶的质量浓度和水溶性离子浓度并进行了来源解析.结果表明:①南京市区和北郊PM10、PM2.1、PM1.1颗粒物浓度顺序均为冬季>春季>秋季>夏季,春夏秋季节3种颗粒物浓度北郊高于市区,冬季相反.②检测的10种离子SO2-4、NO-3、Ca2+、NH+4、Cl-、K+、Na+、F-、NO-2、Mg2+总质量浓度为市区46μg·m-3,北郊39.6μg·m-3,对市区和北郊PM1.1、PM1.1~2.1、PM2.1~10的贡献率分别为56%、49.5%、20.4%和42.5%、37.9%、18.3%.③主要离子SO2-4、NO-3、NH+4、Ca2+浓度季节变化明显,在市区冬季高,夏季低,在北郊春季高,夏季低,南京地区季节性的气候变化和市郊两地的复杂下垫面和人为因素是影响离子浓度季节变化的主要原因.④NH+4、SO2-4、NO-3的前体物NH3、SO2、NOx的转化夏季主要来自汽车尾气,冬季汽车尾气和燃煤排放二者比重相近.Cl-在冬季主要来自工业排放,夏秋季和Na+一起主要来自海盐输送,Ca2+、Mg2+多为地面扬尘和建筑扬尘等地壳源,K+、F-、NO-2主要来自生物质燃烧和工业排放.     

加速寿命试验三参数威布尔分布的极小变异-极大似然估计

目的 在加速试验中,对寿命服从三参数威布尔分布的产品进行可靠性评估与寿命预测,解决形状参数小于1时传统方法难以计算的问题。方法 利用三参数威布尔分布与指数分布之间的转换关系,以变异系数误差最小为优化目标,在确定最优位置参数估计值的基础上,应用拟极大似然方法估计分布模型中的其余参数,建立极小变异–极大似然估计（MV-MLE）。根据加速寿命试验中失效机理不变的原则,在失效机理等同条件下,将该方法推广至多应力水平下的可靠寿命评估。结果 在单一应力与多应力水平下,通过仿真模拟验证了所提方法的有效性。与传统方法相比,在小样本条件下,所提方法可提高形状参数（机理等同性参数）估计精度40%以上。结论 所提方法对于三参数威布尔分布的参数估计和寿命评估具有较高精度,能够有效克服传统方法的不足,在加速寿命试验评估中具有良好的应用效果。