大气硫氧化物污染对早熟禾种群遗传结构的影响

大气硫氧化物是我国影响最为严重的污染物之一,本文采用同工酶分析技术研究了大气硫氧化物污染对1年生植物早熟禾种群遗传结构的影响、结果表明,污染地点和清洁地点种群间等位基因频率存在较大差异,但污染种群之间和清洁种群之间等位基因频率比较一致．污染种群的遗传变异明显低于清洁种群,污染种群和清洁种群间的Nai’s遗传距离为0.135～0.150,G_ST为0.202,表明在污染种群和清洁种群之间存在较大的差别．计算的基因流强度较小,为0.988,这与污染地点选择压力较大有关,掩盖了实际种群间的扩散强度．     

基于空间尺度效应的山东省PM2.5浓度时空变化及空间分异地理探测

基于PM_2.5遥感数据,采用Theil-Sen Median趋势分析和Mann-Kendall显著性检验,分析2000~2021年山东省PM_2.5浓度时空变化特征,结合地理探测器,在省-市-县三级空间尺度上探测影响山东省PM_2.5浓度空间分异的影响因子影响力.结果表明：①时间上,2000~2021年山东省ρ（PM_2.5）均值在38.15~88.63 μg·m^-3之间,略微高于《环境空气质量标准》中可吸入颗粒物的二级标准限值（35 μg·m^-3）.在年际尺度上,2013年是ρ（PM_2.5）变化的峰值年,其值为83.36 μg·m^-3,据此将山东省PM_2.5浓度变化趋势分为两个阶段：持续上升和快速下降阶段.在季节尺度上,PM_2.5浓度呈现“夏低冬高,春秋居中”分布特征和先降后升的“U”型变化规律.②空间上,山东省PM_2.5浓度呈现出“西高东低”的空间分布格局,PM_2.5浓度高值区分布山东省西部地区,低值区则分布在东部半岛地区.PM_2.5浓度空间变化趋势呈现显著的空间异质性,极显著下降的区域主要分布在东部半岛地区.③因子探测结果表明,气候因子是影响山东省PM_2.5浓度空间分异的重要影响因素,平均气温对山东省PM_2.5浓度空间分异的影响最高,q值为0.512.省-市-县多尺度探测结果显示,影响PM_2.5浓度空间分异的影响因子及其影响力在不同空间尺度上具有差异性.省级尺度上,平均气温、日照时数和坡度是影响PM_2.5浓度空间分异的主要影响因子;市级尺度上,降水、高程和相对湿度是影响PM_2.5空间分异的主要影响因子;县级尺度上,降水、平均气温和日照时数是影响PM_2.5浓度空间分异的主要影响因子.     

青藏高原四季日照时数年际、年代际变化趋势分析

利用1961-2007年青藏高原日照时数资料,通过统计方法初步分析了近47年青藏高原四季日照时数的年际、年代际变化特征,得到以下几点初步认识：青藏高原四季日照时数整体上均呈现自东南向西北增加的特点,其空间变化也存在明显的区域差异：青藏高原西部和中部日照时数增加,高原东南部和北部呈减少的趋势。近47年来青藏高原四季日照时数年际和年代际变化明显,总体均呈减少趋势,20世纪60年代以偏少为主,70年代和80年代整体偏多,90年代和21世纪初高原日照时数以偏少为主,各年代之间日照时数区域差异明显。     

Sex pheromone communication of tentiform leaf-miners <Emphasis Type="Italic">Phyllonorycter insignitella</Emphasis> and <Emphasis Type="Italic">Ph. nigrescentella</Emphasis> from two related species groups

Summary.  Females of both species start their pheromone-releasing activity on the second day after emergence at the beginning of the photophase. During the present work, a peak of calling activity with close to 100% of active Ph. nigrescentella females was registered 1.5 hour after the light had been put on. The high pheromone release behaviour with 50% active females lasted for 3 hours. The calling activity of the group of females was about 6 h/day. The beginning of a photophase under laboratory conditions or an early morning in nature is a common period for sex pheromone release in the genus Phyllonorycter. (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8Z,10E-14:Ac), (8Z,10E)-tetradecadien-1-ol (8Z,10E-14:OH) and (8E,10Z)-tetradecadien-1-yl acetate (8E,10Z-14:Ac) in the ratio 96:4:traces as well as 8Z,10E-14:Ac and 8Z,10E-14:OH in the ratio 88:12 collected by Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) were found to be specific for the calling periods of virgin Phyllonorycter insignitella and Ph. nigrescentella females respectively. Field trapping experiments demonstrated that all three compounds are important for the attraction of Ph. insignitella males while only 8Z,10E-14:Ac is the essential sex pheromone component for Ph. nigrescentella. The pheromone activity of all three compounds is reported for the first time. Addition of either 8Z,10E-14:OH or 8E,10Z-14:Ac to 8Z,10E-14:Ac did not have a significant effect on the attraction of Ph. nigrescentella males, while the efficiency of the three component blend was 5 times lower as compared to that of 8Z,10E-14:Ac. Our data demonstrate that 8Z,10E-14:OH and 8E,10Z-14:Ac play a dual function, they are minor sex pheromone components of Ph. insignitella essential for attraction of conspecific males and show an allelochemical, antagonistic effect on Ph. nigrescentella males and, thus, ensuring specificity of the mate location signal in two related Phyllonorycter species.     

Comparison of Ground Water Bacterial Cell Sizes from the Agricultural, Domestic and Industrial Areas of Mysore District, Karnataka State, India

A two-year study on temporal variations in the ground water heterotrophic bacterial cell sizes of free living bacteria(FLB)and particle bound bacteria(PBB)from the agricultural,domestic and industrial areas was carried out from Februar y2005 to January 2007.The overall mean cell length of FLB and PBB was similar in all the ground water studied.However,the season wise grouped data revealed significant seasonal changes in cell length of FLB and PBB,as smaller bacteria were noticed during rainy season in the ground water in agricultural area in both the years,and only in the second year of study in domestic and industrial areas.Generally,it was noticed that there were summer maximum and rainy minimum values of the cell length of PBB in the ground water in agricultural,domestic and industrial areas in the second year of study.The Pearson's correlations showed the presence of 8(in agricultural area),5(in domestic)and 3(in industrial) significant correlations with environmental(Physico-chemical)parameters,respectively.The regression analysis revealed that as much as 12%of variation in the mean length of FL Bwas due to NO3( )in agricultural area and 9%due to total solids( )indomestic area.However,the 8% variation in bacterial cell size of FLB was due to Mg( )in industrial area.Whereas,13%variation in mean length of PBB was due to S04( )in agncultural area and 10%due to total anions of strong acid(TASA)( )in domestic area.Furthermore,10% of variation Was due to PO4( )in industrial area.Thus,the statistical analysis revealed that several environmental variables were potentially responsible for some of the temporal variations in aquatic heterotrophic bacterial cell size,suggesting probably the stressed environment in these ecosystems.     

北京市城市湖泊上空甲烷浓度水平和季节特征

通过对北京市市区内大于10 000 m2的10个湖泊上空0.5 m处甲烷浓度的季度观测,研究了北京市城市湖泊上空甲烷的浓度水平,并对其中4个典型的湖泊进行了每月1~2次的观测,分析了城市湖泊上空甲烷浓度的连续变化特征。结果表明湖泊上空甲烷浓度年平均值为2.337±0.431 mL/m3,高于全球均值和其他相关研究人员对北京市上空监测的结果。湖泊上空甲烷浓度季节之间的差异性显著(P<0.01),夏季的甲烷浓度较高(2.758±0.516mL/m3),秋季和春季相对较低。4个典型湖泊上空甲烷浓度连续变化具有一定的规律,大都在7-8月份达到甲烷浓度的高峰期,3月初融冰时都会有小幅增加;位于市中心的什刹海上空甲烷浓度相对较高。这表明了北京市内湖泊是甲烷排放的一个重要源头,同时也反映了北京作为一特大城市,其湖泊上空甲烷浓度受人类活动影响的特征。     

北京及周边城市一元脂肪酸大气颗粒物干沉降通量及来源分析研究

城市大气颗粒物中有机质浓度不断攀升,其中有机酸为重要成分之一.通过PUF膜收集大气颗粒物干沉降,采取溶剂提取、衍生化和GC-MS分析,对2007年12月～2008年11月间,北京及其周边城市天津、唐山、保定的大气颗粒物干沉降中一元脂肪酸含量进行了观测研究.结果表明,干沉降中可检出所有C10～C24的烷酸,以及油酸、亚油酸和桐油酸3种烯酸.干沉降量最大的是正十六烷酸,其次为正十八烷酸,油酸、亚油酸的含量也相对较高.年均干沉降量最大的城市为北京,其次是保定、唐山、天津,沉降量分别为0.32、0.25、0.16和0.12 kg.(hm2.a)-1.北京一元脂肪酸的平均日沉降量最大值出现在8～9月,达262.43μg.(m2.d)-1;4～5月次高,为130.98μg.(m2.d)-1;天津市最高值出现在4～5月,为66.04μg.(m2.d)-1;唐山出现在2～3月,为73.62μg.(m2.d)-1;保定出现在4～5月,为173.28μg.(m2.d)-1.源解析显示,京津冀四城市的一元脂肪酸的年度干沉降以机动车排放源最为重要,其次为微生物源和餐饮源,秋季北京大气餐饮源排放脂肪酸量很高.     

Measurement of Atmospheric Deposition Under Forest Canopies: Some Recommendations for Equipment and Sampling Design

Quantification of the forest water flux provides valuable information for the understanding of forest ecosystem functioning. As such, throughfall (and stemflow to a lesser extent) has been frequently measured. Although throughfall collection may seem relatively simple, the requirements to obtain reliable estimates are often underestimated. This review addresses the criteria to take into account when working out the sampling procedure, from the selection of equipment to implementation in the field. Sound sampling of the forest water flux is difficult due to its high spatial and temporal variation. The high costs entailed by the ideal sampling design often prohibit its implementation. Different procedures are available, some of which are compromises between the aim of the study (monitoring or experimental study, short or long term objectives, absolute or relative estimates, quality of the assessment to be achieved) and the available means.     

Distribution of perfluorinated alkyl substances in marine shellfish along the Chinese Bohai Sea coast

Perfluorinated alkyl substances (PFASs) are emerging persistent organic pollutants, which pose a threat to human health primarily by dietary exposure, especially through seafood. Bohai Sea (a semi-closed sea located north of China) is an important shellfish aquaculture area that is possibly highly-polluted with PFASs. In this study, we first evaluated contamination by PFASs in a total of 230 samples of marine shellfish from the Bohai Sea. Samples included five important shellfish species, collected from important aquaculture spots distributed around the Bohai Sea. Samples were analyzed by an ultra-fast liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method, which could simultaneously detect 23 PFASs in shellfish. Our research verified that PFASs have become a threat to the safety of shellfish products in this area. Furthermore, contamination by PFASs in shellfish changed depending on the components of PFASs, the species of shellfish, and the sampling sites. Many of the 23 target compounds contributed to the high detection ratio (>50%) as follows: perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)?>?perfluorononanoic acid?>?perfluorodecanesulfonic acid?>?perfluorooctanesulfonic acid (PFOS). Compared with other dominant components, PFOA not only had the highest detection percentage in shellfish samples (98.3%), but its detection level contributed to 87.2% of total PFASs concentrations, indicating that PFOA is the major threat to the safety of shellfish products. The highest level of PFAS was found in clams (62.5?ng?g^?1 wet weight of PFOA). The concentration of total PFAS in different shellfish species showed the following trend: clams?>?mussels?>?scallops?>?whelks?>?oysters. The maximum concentration of total PFAS or PFOA was found in Shouguang. The total concentration of PFOS and its precursor were highest in Cangzhou, possibly due to local industrial activities. The results presented in this paper provide new data on the contamination of marine shellfish along the Bohai Sea coasts in China, and constitute a reference for future monitoring of contamination by emerging contaminants in Bohai coast.     

杭州市臭氧污染特征及过程分析

利用2013—2016年杭州市国控点臭氧观测资料,讨论了杭州市臭氧时空变化特征,并对一次臭氧高浓度过程进行分析。结果显示,近年来杭州市臭氧浓度以10. 3%的升幅渐增,增幅大于北京、上海、广州等城市。千岛湖背景点及位于城区的朝晖五区、下沙、西溪站点臭氧浓度月变化存在2个峰值,第一峰值出现在5月,受降水、温度影响次峰值出现在8—10月;夜间臭氧浓度背景点高于城区点。杭州市10个国控站点臭氧浓度相对标准偏差逐年减小,臭氧污染已呈区域性,城东为重污染区域。2015年8月出现的一次臭氧重污染过程主要是受副热带高压控制下和台风外围的影响,导致杭州市朝晖五区站点臭氧浓度高达228μg/m~3,台风登陆后得以缓解。