云南大理洱海溶解氧日变化特征分析

利用大理国家气候观象台依托于JICA项目,在洱海湖中建立的自动观测系统2009年全年的观测资料,分析了溶解氧的日变化特征。结果表明:洱海湖中溶解氧表现为日出后最小、日落后最大的日变化特征。全年变化范围为2.31～7.98 mg/L,最大值出现在12月20:00时,而最小值出现在9月10:00时;较小时段出现在6-10月,各月月平均12月最大,9月最小,年较差为4.83 mg/L;四季中冬季偏大,夏季偏小,冬春季比夏秋季明显偏大。四季中各个典型日的日较差相对于各季的平均偏大,峰值、谷值出现时间大都偏晚。连阴雨出现后,由于受低温阴雨寡照的影响,洱海溶解氧偏高。     

上海市青浦区大气挥发性有机化合物的特征

在2012年11~12月和2014年5~10月对上海市青浦区大气中58个VOCs物种进行了连续监测.结果表明,青浦区VOCs总体浓度水平较低,烷烃是其中含量最高的物种,百分含量为41.64%,其次为芳香烃25.66%、烯烃15.21%、乙炔7.71%.总VOCs的月变化特征表现为11月最高,10月最低;日变化特征表现为明显的双峰分布.通过OH消耗速率和臭氧生成潜势(OFP)计算,评估了VOCs的化学反应活性.结果表明,上海市青浦区大气VOCs的化学反应活性较强,且与VOCs浓度具有良好的一致性.OH消耗速率贡献最大的物种是烯烃56.92%和芳香烃45.24%,OFP贡献最大的物种是烯烃29.19%和芳香烃40.82%;对臭氧生成贡献最大的关键活性物种是乙烯、异戊二烯、甲苯、间/对二甲苯及丙烯等物质.利用化学质量平衡(CMB)模型分析了VOCs的来源,结果显示,上海市青浦区大气中VOCs主要有6个来源,分别是汽车尾气排放、LPG泄漏、涂料和溶剂挥发、植物排放、生物质燃烧、工业排放,其贡献率分别为43%、5%、16%、3%、14%、7%.     

北京城区和郊区本底站大气污染物浓度的多时间尺度变化特征

利用北京城区海淀宝联站(HD)和上甸子本底站(SDZ)2005—2012连续8年的大气污染物(PM_(2.5)、O3、NO2、SO_2和CO)浓度观测数据进行统计分析,揭示北京城区和郊区主要污染物浓度变化特征、超标情况及其差异.主要结论如下:1连续8年北京城区、郊区PM_(2.5)浓度整体呈缓慢下降趋势,但污染水平仍较高.海淀宝联站和上甸子本底站的PM_(2.5)年均浓度从奥运前3年(2005—2007)的平均值87.1μg·m-3和53.4μg·m-3分别下降到奥运后5年(2008—2012)的平均值67.7μg·m-3和42.1μg·m-3.奥运后5年两站PM_(2.5)年均浓度变化不大,其中城区维持在66~70μg·m-3的高浓度水平.城区PM_(2.5)浓度为3级以上的超标日在四季的发生频率相当,4级和5级以上的超标日则多发生在秋、冬季;各季平均日变化趋势均为双峰双谷型,上下班交通高峰期对PM_(2.5)浓度日变化有重要影响.2城区站O3年均浓度前5年(2006—2010)逐年下降,之后浓度开始回升,而本底站O3年均浓度在此期间变化不大,近6年(2007—2012)维持在72.4~76.3μg·m-3.城、郊O3平均日变化均呈单峰型,其中上甸子站峰值出现时刻晚于城区海淀宝联站.32005—2012年北京城区其它气态污染物浓度(NO2、SO_2和CO)总体均呈缓慢下降趋势,但在2012年浓度有所反弹,城区站气态污染物在秋、冬季的平均浓度均显著高于春、夏季.     

Climate Change,Multiple Stressors,and the Decline of Ectotherms

Climate change is believed to be causing declines of ectothermic vertebrates, but there is little evidence that climatic conditions associated with declines have exceeded critical (i.e., acutely lethal) maxima or minima, and most relevant studies are correlative, anecdotal, or short‐term (hours). We conducted an 11‐week factorial experiment to examine the effects of temperature (22 °C or 27 °C), moisture (wet or dry), and atrazine (an herbicide; 0, 4, 40, 400 μg/L exposure as embryos and larvae) on the survival, growth, behavior, and foraging rates of postmetamorphic streamside salamanders (Ambystoma barbouri), a species of conservation concern. The tested climatic conditions were between the critical maxima and minima of streamside salamanders; thus, this experiment quantified the long‐term effects of climate change within the noncritical range of this species. Despite a suite of behavioral adaptations to warm and dry conditions (e.g., burrowing, refuge use, huddling with conspecifics, and a reduction in activity), streamside salamanders exhibited significant loss of mass and significant mortality in all but the cool and moist conditions, which were closest to the climatic conditions in which they are most active in nature. A temperature of 27 °C represented a greater mortality risk than dry conditions; death occurred rapidly at this temperature and more gradually under cool and dry conditions. Foraging decreased under dry conditions, which suggests there were opportunity costs to water conservation. Exposure to the herbicide atrazine additively decreased water‐conserving behaviors, foraging efficiency, mass, and time to death. Hence, the hypothesis that moderate climate change can cause population declines is even more plausible under scenarios with multiple stressors. These results suggest that climate change within the noncritical range of species and pollution may reduce individual performance by altering metabolic demands, hydration, and foraging effort and may facilitate population declines of amphibians and perhaps other ectothermic vertebrates. Cambio Climático, Estresantes Múltiples y la Declinación de Ectotermos     

GLOBAL CLIMATE CHANGE AND PUBLIC PERCEPTION: THE CHALLENGE OF TRANSLATION1

ABSTRACT: Global climate change is examined from the perspective of its relevancy and urgency as a public policy issue. Interpreting from literature specific to investigations into public awareness and concern, climate change is seen as a legitimate though less than urgent issue. The literature reveals that the general public holds surprising misconceptions about the processes contributing to climate change, including failure to grasp the fundamental connection to CO₂. General ambivalence is also suggested from the results of two surveys conducted by The Groundwater Foundation. They first asked participants in a recent Groundwater Guardian Conference to rate levels of discussion and concern for water resources implications in the participants' communities. A second survey polled national water resource organizations about the extent climate change has been a focus of their educational, investigative, or advocacy efforts. The paper concludes by describing basic barriers to stimulating public response to climate change, which education about the issue should address, and by offering a model to educate and involve citizens based on the Groundwater Guardian program developed by the The Groundwater Foundation.     

高山草甸群落生物量在融雪梯度上的变化

在青藏高原东部的一个高山雪床,沿融雪从早到晚的顺序设置3个融雪梯度部位,并对每个梯度部位的环境因子和该部位上的地上与地下生物量进行了测量和比较.3个梯度部位间的融雪时间、土壤含水量和温度日较差有显著不同,而土壤营养成分及pH无明显变化.从早融部位到晚融部位,地上生物量增加,地下生物量降低,地上与地下总生物量降低,地下生物量与地上生物量的比值增大.与晚融部位相比,早融部位的地上生物量主要集中于地上0～10 cm范围内,表明在早融部位植物地上部分有变矮的趋势;早融部位的地下生物量在土壤各深度分布相对较均一,而晚融部位地下牛物量则主要集中于地下0～10 cm范围内.雪场中各部位的土壤水分含量及地表温度差异对生物量的变化有较大的影响.图5表2参33     

青藏高原东缘黑碳气溶胶变化特征及其来源

黑碳(BC)作为最重要的吸收性气溶胶,可影响青藏高原地区的辐射、云和地表积雪等,进而影响全球季风环流及降水.本研究于2017年7月5日至9月5日在青藏高原东缘理塘县使用黑碳仪AE-33测量了BC浓度数据,结合黑碳仪模型、PSCF和CWT潜在来源模型,分析了BC的污染特征、潜在来源及其影响区域.结果表明,理塘ρ(BC)为0.4～4 699.8 ng·m^-3,平均值为816.4ng·m^-3,占PM_2.5的质量分数为5.96%.理塘ρ(BC_液态燃料)和ρ(BC_固态燃料)的平均值分别为486.1ng·m^-3和398.5ng·m^-3,BC_液态燃料的贡献率C为0.51.ρ(BC)主要分布在0～2 000 ng·m^-3,可占总观测期间的92.5%. BC、BC_液态燃料和BC_固态燃料的日变化为双峰型分布,峰值分别出现在08:00和20:00,早高峰主要与交通源和含...     

增温对农田土壤碳氮循环关键过程的影响

为研究模拟增温对农田土壤碳氮循环关键过程的影响,设置了包含增温和对照两个处理的随机区组试验.采用气压过程分离技术(BaPS)测定土壤CO2产生速率、硝化速率、反硝化速率,并测定了根生物量、水溶性有机碳(DOC)、亚硝酸根、硫酸根、硝酸根等指标.结果表明,在冬小麦-大豆轮作生长季,增温和对照处理的平均土壤CO2产生速率分别为(149.7±19.6)和(114.5±11.6) μg/(kg·h),增温和对照处理的平均土壤硝化速率分别为(563.6±119.56),(399.9±98.2)μg/(kg·h),增温和对照处理的平均土壤反硝化速率分别为(319.7±94.6), (216.2±44.7) μg/(kg·h).研究表明,无论是在冬小麦生长季还是在大豆生长季, 模拟增温均促进了土壤CO2产生速率,增温对大豆田土壤CO2产生速率的促进作用高于冬小麦田,并且这种促进作用主要体现在作物生长后期.模拟增温显著促进了冬小麦–大豆田的土壤硝化、反硝化速率,夏季增温对土壤硝化、反硝化速率的促进作用最明显.模拟增温对土壤中根生物量、DOC、亚硝酸根、硫酸根、硝酸根含量无显著影响.     

The Ethics of Burden-Sharing in the Global Greenhouse

The Kyoto Protocol on global warming has provoked great controversy in part because it calls for heavier burdens on wealthy countries than on developing countries in the effort to control climate change. The U.S. Senate voted unanimously to oppose any agreement that does not require emissions reductions in low-income countries. The ethics of this position are examined in this paper which shows that there are good moral reasons for supporting the provisions of the Kyoto Protocol. Such a conclusion follows easily from considerations of distributive justice but can also be supported by more narrowly self-interested arguments. This revised version was published online in July 2006 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Addressing concerns about climate policies: the possibilities and perils of responsive accommodation

Responsive accommodation is a political strategy that addresses concerns about a policy proposal by incorporating amendments that address those concerns. This approach can broaden the policy’s appeal, but is strategically risky, as it can alienate the policy’s base of support. We examine this strategy and its application in the politics of climate change. Using a novel survey experiment, relative public support is evaluated for two amendments to a carbon tax proposal – revenue neutrality assurances and a carbon tariff – designed to ease concerns about taxes and global competitiveness. Analysis shows that support for a carbon tax increases when coupled with a carbon tariff, but decreases among some of the policy’s supporters when described as revenue-neutral. These results suggest that policymakers using a responsive accommodation strategy must carefully weigh its possible risks and rewards in their particular context.