大型火电厂热排放对环境气温增高的贡献检测

利用1960—2009年的年月平均气温观测资料,分析了被检站和参考站的年、季变化趋势特点,着重研究了大型火电厂的热排放对当地气温的影响程度和相对贡献比例。从增温趋势看,被检站和参考站年平均气温增温速率分别为0.33～0.48℃？10a和0.21～0.33℃？10a,年热排放增温率为0.11～0.20℃？10a。热排放引起的四季增温速率为春秋强,冬季次之,夏季最小。火电厂的热排放对当地气温增温的贡献显著,表现为夏季最大,春秋季次之,冬季最小,对年平均气温序列的增温贡献率为31%～49%。     

卧龙自然保护区华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida）生态学特征随海拔梯度的变化

海拔梯度由于包含了温度、水分、光照等环境因子的剧烈变化而成为研究植物的环境适应性及其对全球气候变化响应的理想区域。在卧龙自然保护区沿海拔梯度研究了华西箭竹（Fargesia nitida（Mitford）T.P.Yi）分株的丛结构,比叶面积（SLA）、基径、株高、枝下高、单株地上部生物量及各器官生物量的分配。结果表明：华西箭竹丛结构表现为平均单丛面积和丛密度随着海拔升高呈先增大后降低的趋势,而单丛分株数先减少后增大;华西箭竹分株生长特征除SLA和枝下高线性降低,其他各调查变量随着海拔升高,总体呈先增大后减小的单峰变化趋势,高峰值在2 800 m附近。反映了环境因子随海拔升高的非线性变化。分析认为,高海拔地区的华西箭竹对温度较为敏感,气候变暖将有利于它的生长,因此其分布上限可能会提高。本研究结果拓展和丰富了海拔梯度上植物对异质性环境的适应和响应的规律研究,也可对地震后保护区植被的恢复与重建提供科学参考。     

Market System to Curtail Emission Magnitudes Evolved from Electricity Generation

The recent resolution of the seventh Conference of the Parties to the Climate Convention (COP7) indicates that if a country is required to comply with the pollution limit, part of the required reduction in levels of emission will have to be achieved domestically. With this status quo, policy practitioners may opt to design emission level standards along with the provision of allowing access to the international permit market that may facilitate carbon offset crediting to the country. In policy formulation cognate to electricity generation through coal combustion, it is suggested that end-users will pay emission compliance costs in terms of the price of electricity usage and the companies will offer a rebate on reduction to those who curtail the level of usage of electricity. Under the scheme proposed, the generating company(s) will face the consequences if it fails to comply to domestic emission standards. In practice, the proposed method can ensure Pareto efficiency and exhibit Pareto improvement in two-party cases where both parties have joint interest in profit maximization, but they may have dichotomy in their activities. In dealing with domestic greenhouse gas issues, the proposal becomes appealing to parties for reducing the level of emissions. Moreover, it may produce a greater degree of abatement of CO₂ emissions over the levels of abatement resulting from policies of consumer or producer liability assignments.     

Diurnal Profile of Particle-bound Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon (pPAH) Concentration in Urban Environment in Tokyo Metropolitan Area

Traffic emits particles under 1 m. The particles arethe most responsible to particle-bound polycyclic aromatichydrocarbon (pPAH) which can impact human health. To assessthem as health hazards, we monitored diurnal changes in theconcentration and distribution of pPAH near roads in Tokyo.The total pPAH concentration was determined using aphotoelectric aerosol sensor (PAS) which ionized PAH-adsorbingparticles. The total pPAH concentration was compared withchemical analyses by gas chromatography/mass spectrometry(GC/MS). Two sampling sessions, one in August and one inSeptember 2000, were done at three sampling sites at the Hongo Campus of the University of Tokyo. Monitoring was every two minutes for six consecutive days for the first session and for seven consecutive days for the second session.Correlation of the pPAH concentration with traffic flow andwith meteorological conditions were also assessed. The pPAHconcentration varied in the same manner on all days: it sharplyincreased in the early morning by a sudden burden of traffic, and it rapidly decreased during the daytime, probably owing tophotodegradation and/or dilution by rising in the mixingzone. The local wind field, and consequently thetransportation of pPAH from the road, were stronglyinfluenced by the configuration and location of thesurrounding buildings. The pPAH clearly changed in 1- and0.5 day cycles, particularly at the roadside.     

The extraordinary events of the major,sudden stratospheric warming,the diminutive antarctic ozone hole,and its split in 2002

GOAL, SCOPE AND BACKGROUND: Great interest in the unprecedented events of the major, sudden stratospheric warming and the ozone hole split over Antarctica in September 25, 2002 motivates a necessity to analyze the current understanding on the dynamics, chemistry and climate impacts that are associated with both events. METHODS: Significant progress in the analysis of the observational data obtained, as well as successful development and application of dynamical modeling, which have been achieved very recently, create a basis for the first survey on the role of the major, sudden stratospheric warming observed in the southern hemisphere and its relationship to the diminutive Antarctic ozone hole and its break up into two parts. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Special attention has been paid to assessments of the causes of the major warming event and the future expectations concerning the stratospheric ozone depletion effect. Among the principal results is the fact that, as the polar vortex elongated, it became hydrodynamically unstable, and this insta-, bility affected the upper troposphere and stratosphere. During the major, sudden stratospheric warming, the middle stratospheric vortex split into two pieces; one piece rapidly mixed with extra vortex air, while the other returned to the pole as a much weaker and smaller vortex. The polar night jet was considerably weaker than normal, and was displaced more poleward than has been observed in previous winters, resulting from a series of wave events (propagated from the troposphere) that took place over the course of the winter. Finally, the relative ozone decrease (increase) in the eastern Antarctic is tightly associated with westerly (easterly) zonal wind anomalies near the southern tip of South America, and the unusual behavior of the ozone hole in 2002 therefore appears to be caused by great easterlies in this region. CONCLUSIONS: The main conclusion is that the southern polar vortex and the diminutive ozone hole split into two parts in September 2002, due to the prevalence of very strong planetary waves, led to the appearance of a major, sudden stratospheric warming. Although there is evidence that sea surface temperature anomalies contributed to the excitation of the quite strong planetary waves over Antarctica in 2002, there is not yet a widely approved mechanism supporting that. RECOMMENDATIONS AND OUTLOOK:The appearance of the near-record size of the 2003 ozone hole confirmed that the 'no-ozone-hole' episode observed in the year 2002 does not denote a recovery of the ozone layer. Despite the current successful attempts to get a sufficient understanding for the genesis of both extraordinary events, more observations and further modeling efforts are necessary to more reliably assess the contribution of various dynamic mechanisms to the recently observed tropo-stratospheric surprises.     

Methane emission from rice paddy soils, aerotolerance of methanogens and global thermal warming

In vitro methane emissions from different rice paddy soils and algal mats were studied under anoxic and atmospheric conditions. Methane production from rice paddy soils cultivating different strains of rice was found to be appreciable under anoxic conditions, but considerably reduced under atmospheric conditions, and dependent on rice cultivars (strains). A contradictory result was obtained with a Gobindabhog cultivated rice field (a strain of rice with aroma), where methane yield under anoxic was greater than that under atmospheric conditions. The results indicated aerotolerance of methanogens or the possible existence of microaerophilic methanogens. The results from algal mats corroborated these findings.Methane has been considered to be an important greenhouse gas contributing significantly to global thermal warming (GTW). Flooded rice paddy fields have been considered to be a most prominent source of abiogenic methane emission, though considerable uncertainty exists regarding the true estimates of methane emission. Factors affecting methane emission and its abatement have been examined. In spite of increasing methane emission, rice cultivation leads to enormous utilization of the green house gas carbon dioxide and release of oxygen to the atmosphere. Thus, the contribution of methane to GTW (from rice paddy cultivation) is more than compensated by carbon dioxide absorption.Appropriate steps have been suggested for the reduction of methane emissions, the most important of which is the restoration of methane sinks.     

河南鸡冠洞CO2季节和昼夜变化特征及影响因子比较

岩溶洞穴空气CO_2变化影响次生沉积物沉积和溶蚀,它关系到洞穴旅游景观的稳定性及洞穴环境的舒适性,是岩溶作用发生的关键因素,进行洞穴空气CO_2变化的机制研究对于理解岩溶作用发生规律和现代洞穴合理保护具有重要意义.本文基于对我国南北地理分界区域河南西部鸡冠洞2011年12月至2016年5月近5年连续洞穴CO_2、水文地球化学指标、洞内外温度及湿度、大气降水和游客量等数据监测,并结合2016年5月19~20日洞穴CO_2等指标的昼夜的系统监测,分析了鸡冠洞洞穴空气CO_2时空变化特征和昼夜变化特征及其影响因素,结果表明:1在空间尺度上,越靠近洞口通风效应越强,洞穴空气p CO_2越低,越接近大气的p CO_2;洞穴结构及外界环境变化尤其是气候变化导致的土壤中p CO_2变化也会对鸡冠洞空气p CO_2变化产生影响.2在长时间尺度,鸡冠洞洞穴空气p CO_2夏季明显高于冬季,对比分析发现旅游活动和岩溶作用是其主要的影响因子.3在短时间尺度上(昼夜变化),鸡冠洞洞穴空气p CO_2变化主要受旅游活动的影响,建议景区在进行旅游开发的时候要考虑高峰期游客人数对CO_2的影响及岩溶景观的合理保护.     

廊坊市秋季环境空气中颗粒物组分昼夜变化特征研究

为研究廊坊市区秋季环境空气中颗粒物浓度及其组分昼夜变化特征,于2015年9月12—21日在廊坊市进行PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)采样,并对采集的样品无机元素、水溶性离子和碳组分(OC和EC)分析.结果表明,夜间PM_(2.5)和PM_(10)浓度比白天高,且下半夜出现大幅上升.PM_(2.5)/PM_(10)比值为0.49~0.62,下半夜最高.碳组分、Ba、Cr、Cl~-、NO_3~-、SO_4~(2-)、NH_4~+等主要富集在PM_(2.5)中,而Ca、Al、Si、Mg~(2+)和Ca~(2+)等主要富集在PM_(10)中.通过昼夜颗粒物组分对比发现,夜间EC、Cu、Zn、Cr、Pb、Cl~-、NO_3~-和NH_4~+等浓度明显上升.同时,下半夜OC/EC比值明显变小,Cl-、NO_3~-和NH_4~+浓度明显增大,同时段CO和NO_2浓度上升,而SO_2浓度变化平缓.以上表明采样期间廊坊夜间可能存在移动源和部分工业污染源排放.     

地膜覆盖对稻-油轮作农田CH4和N2O排放的影响

以位于西南大学农业部重庆紫色土生态环境重点野外科学观测试验站内的稻-油轮作农田为研究对象,采用静态暗箱/气相色谱法,对覆膜与常规(不覆膜)两种处理下稻-油轮作农田CH_4和N_2O的排放特征及影响因素进行了为期一年的原位观测.结果表明,两种处理下,CH_4和N_2O的排放均主要集中在各作物的生长前期,水稻季CH_4和油菜季N_2O的排放通量均具有较明显的季节变化;全年CH_4的排放通量介于-0.45~1.90 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),N_2O的排放通量介于-46.1~2 040.7μg·(m~2·h)~(-1).地膜覆盖提高了CH_4和N_2O排放总量,其中覆膜处理全年CH_4排放总量为(27.22±4.48)kg·hm~(-2),相比常规处理(19.93±0.56)kg·hm~(-2)提高了26.22%;覆膜处理N_2O的年排放总量为(13.14±0.82)kg·hm~(-2),较常规处理下(11.27±2.77)kg·hm~(-2)增加了16.6%.覆膜显著提高了油菜季土壤含水率,而对全年各作物季土壤温度(地下5 cm温度和地表温度)没有明显的影响.覆膜处理下油菜季CH_4和N_2O的排放与土壤含水率呈负相关,幼苗期达显著负相关;两种处理下,各作物季CH_4和N_2O的排放与土壤温度的相关性均很小.研究表明,地膜覆盖影响作物各生育期内CH_4和N_2O的排放规律,改变了作物各生育期内2种气体排放占全季排放量的比例,促进了稻-油轮作农田CH_4和N_2O的排放.在100 a时间尺度上,覆膜处理下全年排放的CH_4和N_2O所引起的综合GWP(CO_2量)为4 213.00 kg·hm~(-2),较常规处理3 454.17 kg·hm~(-2)提高了22.0%,表明覆膜不是一种有效的碳减排措施.     

初冬时期闽江河口区养殖塘排水后的CH4和N2O通量日变化特征

排水活动是河口区养殖塘鱼、虾捕获后的重要管理方式之一.为探讨排水活动对河口区养殖塘温室气体通量的影响,采用静态(悬浮)箱-气相色谱法对初冬时期闽江河口区的未排干和排干养殖塘温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)通量日变化特征进行原位观测.结果表明,(1)未排干与排干养殖塘CH_4通量范围分别介于0.04~0.10 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和14.04~33.72 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),均值分别为(0.07±0.01)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和(24.74±2.33)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),均表现为大气库中CH_4释放源,呈现夜高昼低的特征;(2)未排干养殖塘N_2O通量范围和均值分别介于-0.027~0.011 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和(0.002±0.004)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),整体上呈现昼低夜高的特征,而排干养殖塘N_2O通量范围和均值分别介于0.59~1.76 mg·(m~2·h)~(-1)和(1.07±0.15)mg·(m~2·h)~(-1),整体上呈现昼高夜低的特征.以上研究结果初步揭示,排干初期的河口区养殖塘排水活动不仅显著增加温室气体(CH_4和N_2O)排放强度,也可以显著改变养殖塘温室气体通量的日动态特征.