Carbon benefits from Amazonian forest reserves: leakage accounting and the value of time

Amazonian forest reserves have significant carbon benefits, but the methodology used for accounting for these benefits will be critical in determining whether the powerful economic force represented by mitigation efforts to slow global warming will be applied to creating these reserves. Opportunities for reserve creation are quickly being lost as new areas are opened to deforestation though highway construction and other developments. Leakage, or the effects that a reserve or other mitigation project provokes outside of the project boundaries, is critical to a proper accounting of net carbon benefits. Protected areas in the Amazon have particularly great potential mitigation benefits over an extended time horizon. Over a 100-year time frame, virtually no unprotected forest is likely to remain, meaning that potential leakages (both leakage to the vicinity of the reserves and that displaced by removing protected areas from the land-grabbing market) should not matter much because any short-term leakage would be “recovered” eventually. The effect of the value attributed to time greatly influences the impact of leakage on benefits credited to reserves. Simple assumptions regarding leakage scenarios illustrate the benefits of reserves and the critical areas where agreement is necessary to make this option a practical component of mitigation efforts. The stakes are too high to allow further delays in reaching agreement on these issues.     

Seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi

We present the diurnal and seasonal variability of ambient NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 over Delhi, India. Ambient NH3, NO and NO2 were measured continuously during winter, summer and autumn seasons using NH3- and NOx-analyzer, which operates by chemiluminescence method with a higher estimation e ciency (> 90%) than the chemical trap method (reproducibility 4.7%). Prominent diurnal, day-to-day and seasonal variations of ambient mixing ratio of NH3, NO, NO2 and SO2 were observed during the study period. Seasonal variation with higher mixing ratio in winter was observed for all measured trace gases except NO. Day-night variation of all measured trace gases observed was higher in winter in comparison with summer. Late morning increase in NO2 mixing ratio might be attributed to conversion of NO to NO2 with the interaction of O3.     

On the value of temporary carbon: a comment on Kirschbaum

A recent paper by Miko Kirschbaum (Mitigat Adapt Strategies Glob Change 11(5–6):1151–1164, 2006) argues that temporary carbon (C) storage has “virtually no climate-change mitigation value.” However, temporary carbon has value in delaying global warming that needs to be recognized in carbon accounting methodologies. The conclusions reached are very sensitive to any value that is attached to time. Basing analysis exclusively on the maximum temperature reached within a 100-year time frame ignores other important impacts of global warming that also need to be included when mitigation strategies are assessed. The relative weightings for long-term versus short-term impacts represent policy choices that result in a greater or a lesser value being attributed to temporary carbon, but that value should not be zero. Global warming is too formidable an enemy to allow us the luxury of discarding part of our arsenal in fighting against it. Both reducing fossil-fuel combustion and increasing biosphere carbon stocks are needed.     

适应气候变化是当务之急

地球气候变化既有自然因素又有人为因素,全球变暖主要原因是人类活动温室气体排放过度。因此,在应对气候变化问题上,人们对减排温室气体高度重视是理所当然,而长期以来对“适应气候变化”却有所忽视。其实,对发展中国家《适应气候变化》才是当务之急。文章在前文“发展低碳经济,应对全球变暖”减排二氧化碳温室气体的基础上,论述适应气候变化的迫切性和基本途径。     

增温施肥对稻麦农田土壤有机碳及其活性组分的影响

农田是重要的陆地生态系统土壤碳库和作物生长的有机养分库.为明确气候变暖对稻麦轮作农田土壤碳库的影响,利用田间开放式增温平台,分析了增温、施肥和其交互作用对土壤有机碳和其活性组分的影响,并评估了土壤碳库管理指数的变化.结果表明,增温、施肥对土壤有机碳含量和其活性有机碳组分的影响均无显著交互作用.增温增加了土壤有机碳含量,且总有机碳(TOC)和惰性有机碳(ROC)含量差异显著.与不增温对照相比,增温处理的TOC、 ROC和活性有机碳(LOC)含量分别增加了7.72%、7.42%和10.11%.土壤微生物量碳(MBC)含量的增加(20.4%)和颗粒有机碳(POC)含量的降低(36.51%)可能是增温下土壤有机碳含量变化的主要原因.增温对土壤可溶性有机碳(DOC)含量无显著影响,但显著降低了其可溶性微生物副产物组分含量(41.89%).结果同时表明,施肥对土壤有机碳含量均无显著影响,但显著降低了活性碳组分的DOC和POC含量,增加了MBC含量.与不施肥对照相比,施肥处理的土壤DOC和POC含量分别降低了35.44%和28.33%,MBC含量增加了33.38%.此外,施肥有增加可溶性有机物中人为...     

近20年江苏省气温和降水资源变化对稻麦生产的影响

利用数理统计及非线性回归模型等方法,探求江苏省近20 a气温和降水资源变化对稻麦生产的影响。结果表明:近20 a平均温度(Tavg)、最高温度(Tmax)和最低温度(Tmin)年增加趋势为0.050℃、0.056℃和0.061℃,降水量(Prec)变化不明显。在近年气候变暖下,冬小麦全生育期和营养生长期呈显著缩短趋势(p<0.05),分别年缩短0.41 d和0.70 d,而生殖生长期年显著延长0.32d(p<0.05)。冬小麦营养生长期和全生育期长短与该时段Tavg、Tmax和Tmin呈显著负相关(p<0.05)。水稻生育期长短变化不大,呈现整体向后推移趋势。2000s与1990s相比,冬小麦生育期缩短,而冬小麦和水稻播期均推迟,因此麦-稻换茬时间延长5 d,稻-麦换茬时间减少3 d。近20 a稻麦产量均呈增加趋势,稻麦周年产量每年极显著增加85.5 kg/hm²(p<0.01)。利用非线性模型分析表明,Tavg、Tmax和Tmin每增加1℃稻麦周年单产分别增产0.47%、0.10%和1.92%,主要是因为冬小麦产量增加幅度大于水稻减产幅度。为合理利用气候资源,可考虑推迟冬小麦播种,防止其冬前旺长。选育晚熟耐高温水稻品种,促进水稻生殖生长,提高产量。     

洱海流域稻鸭共作对稻田温室气体排放和水稻产量的影响

稻季是水旱轮作生态系统温室气体排放的主要时期,探索有效措施实现稻季温室气体减排和水稻增产已成为当前研究的热点.稻鸭共作是减少稻季温室气体排放的有效措施之一,而确定合理的稻鸭共作密度对确保洱海流域水稻产量基础上实现温室气体减排具有重要意义.该研究通过设置不同稻鸭共作密度试验,采取密闭静态箱—气相色谱法研究了稻鸭共作对温室气体排放规律、排放量及全球增温潜势(GWP)的影响.结果表明:水稻生育期,CH_4和N_2O均在分蘖期和结实期出现排放峰;CH_4排放通量、累计排放量和总排放量大小均为常规处理(CT)低密度鸭处理(LDD)高密度鸭处理(HDD)空白处理(CK),而N_2O为HDDLDDCTCK.与CT相比,CK、LDD、HDD的CH_4排放总量分别降低45%、18%、25%,N_2O排放总量分别降低8%、增加11%和37%,温室气体综合增温潜势分别降低41%、14%、17%.田面水DO、NH~+_4-N、NO~-_3-N及土壤温度是引起温室气体CH_4和N_2O排放差异的主要因素.不同处理的水稻产量为LDDCKCTHDD.合理的稻鸭共作密度降低CH_4排放,增加N_2O排放,减缓全球增温潜势,提高了水稻产量.兼顾水稻产量和温室气体减排效果,LDD处理综合效益最好.     

季节非对称升温对喀斯特土壤CO2释放的影响

全球变暖呈现季节非对称升温特征,若在研究全球变化对生态系统的影响时未充分考虑该特征,很可能导致研究结果失真.基于红外线辐射增温法,野外模拟不同升温情景下喀斯特土壤CO₂释放的短期（4 a）特征.升温情景包括不升温（对照）、对称升温（全年同步升温2.0℃）和非对称升温（冬春/夏秋季升温幅度为2.5℃/1.5℃、3.0℃/1.0℃、3.5℃/0.5℃和4.0℃/0℃）.结果表明,与对照相比,升温样地土壤CO₂通量显著提高,增加了0.26 μmol·（m²·s）^-1,增幅为17.41%,其中冬春季通量增加了0.23 μmol·（m²·s）^-1.在平均升温2.0℃情景下,土壤CO₂释放的温度系数（Q₁₀）变幅为1.53~3.24之间,平均值为2.23.对称升温处理中夏秋季土壤CO₂通量升温贡献率（80%）远高于冬春季（20%）;非对称升温处理夏秋季和冬春季平均升温贡献率相当（46%和54%）.5个升温情景下CO₂通量和Q₁₀呈现随升温的非对称性增加而降低的趋势,其中对称升温处理CO₂通量显著高于中度、高度和极端非对称升温处理.各处理中,夏秋季Q₁₀均大于冬春季,这可能与土壤含水量、土壤微生物、可溶性无机碳和植被生长等有关.研究揭示,基于对称升温情景可能会高估全球变暖对喀斯特土壤CO₂释放的影响.     

CO2 adsorption using TiO2 composite polymeric membranes: A kinetic study

CO₂ is the main greenhouse gas which causes global climatic changes on larger scale. Many techniques have been utilised to capture CO₂. Membrane gas separation is a fast growing CO₂ capture technique, particularly gas separation by composite membranes. The separation of CO₂ by a membrane is not just a process to physically sieve out of CO₂ through the controlled membrane pore size. It mainly depends upon diffusion and solubility of gases, particularly for composite dense membranes. The blended components in composite membranes have a high capability to adsorb CO₂. The adsorption kinetics of the gases may directly affect diffusion and solubility. In this study, we have investigated the adsorption behaviour of CO₂ in pure and composite membranes to explore the complete understanding of diffusion and solubility of CO₂ through membranes. Pure cellulose acetate (CA) and cellulose acetate-titania nanoparticle (CA-TiO₂) composite membranes were fabricated and characterised using SEM and FTIR analysis. The results indicated that the blended CA-TiO₂ membrane adsorbed more quantity of CO₂ gas as compared to pure CA membrane. The high CO₂ adsorption capacity may enhance the diffusion and solubility of CO₂ in the CA-TiO₂ composite membrane, which results in a better CO₂ separation. The experimental data was modelled by Pseudo first-order, pseudo second order and intra particle diffusion models. According to correlation factor R², the Pseudo second order model was fitted well with experimental data. The intra particle diffusion model revealed that adsorption in dense membranes was not solely consisting of intra particle diffusion.     

鄂尔多斯市夏秋季黑碳气溶胶时间演变特征及其来源解析

使用AE-33于2019年8月12日至10月4日观测了黑碳（BC）浓度,结合PM、污染气体和气象要素数据、 HYSPLIT模式、 PSCF和CWT模式,分析了BC的时间演变特征、潜在来源及其主要影响区域.结果表明,ρ（BC）平均值为882 ng·m^-3,占PM_2.5的质量分数为6.08%.ρ（BC）主要集中在200～1 000 ng·m^-3,占总样本数的55.9%.在不同BC浓度范围内,均是以BC_液态为主,平均占比为86%. BC和PM_2.5浓度的日变化均为单峰型分布,峰值分别位于08:00和10:00,峰值浓度分别增加了24.3%和47.2%.BC_固态的日变化为双峰型分布,峰值分别位于08:00和20:00, BC_液态的日变化为单峰型分布,峰值位于08:00. BC与NO₂的相关性较好,与SO₂的相关性较弱,说明BC受交通源的影响较大,受工业源的影响较小.影响鄂尔多斯市的主导气团可分为4类...