有机无机肥配施比例对蔬菜产量和品质及土壤重金属含量的影响

关于蔬菜施有机肥和它与无机肥的合理配施比例,对蔬菜的产量和品质有重要影响,对土壤有机质和重金属含量也有影响。为控制施禽畜粪类有机肥对蔬菜的负面影响,探讨蔬菜的合理施用量和有机/无机肥配施比例,在不同质地的土壤上进行田间试验。结果表明,(1)施过量禽畜粪类有机肥对试验蔬菜产量和品质都会产生不良影响,小白菜(Brassica chinensis)和茄子(Eggplant)施禽畜粪超过22500kg/hm2、马铃薯(Solanum tuberosum L.)超过24000kg/hm2时,其产量不再增加,成活率下降,维生素C含量下降,多个试验均表现出有机肥用量增加而小白菜硝酸盐随之增加的典型特征;同时不论土壤的质地轻重,蔬菜重金属Pb有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;在质地较轻的土壤上,蔬菜重金属Cd、As有随禽畜粪用量增加而提高的趋势;小白菜施禽畜粪肥超过7500kg/hm2、茄子和冬种马铃薯施禽畜粪肥超过75000kg/hm2,收获后土壤重金属含量高于对照和施无机肥的总Cr和As。(2)蔬菜单独施用有机肥的合适施用量,小白菜在较粘重的土壤上可施到22500kg/hm2,但有机肥与无机肥配合施用时有机肥用量可减量;茄子合适施用量应在22500kg/hm2左右;冬种马铃薯合适施用量应在24000kg/hm2左右。(3)蔬菜的有机/无机肥合理配比,小白菜、茄子、和冬种马铃薯施肥的有机氮与无机氮之比均为0.25∶1至0.5∶1时其产量和品质水平较佳。     

PM2.5 and PM10 Concentrations from the Qalabotjha Low-Smoke Fuels Macro-Scale Experiment in South Africa

This article presents results from the particulate monitoringcampaign conducted at Qalabotjha in South Africa during the winter of 1997. Combustion of D-grade domestic coal and low-smoke fuels were compared in a residential neighborhood to evaluate the extent of air quality improvement by switchinghousehold cooking and heating fuels.Comparisons are drawn between the gravimetric results from the two types of filter substrates (Teflon-membrane and quartz-fiber) as well as between the integrated and continuous samplers. It is demonstrated that the quartz-fiber filters reported 5 to 10% greater particulate mass than the Teflon-membrane filters, mainly due to the adsorption of organic gases onto the quartz-fiber filters. Due to heating of sampling stream to 50 °C in the TEOM continuous sampler and the high volatile content of the samples, approximately 15% of the particulate mass was lost during sampling.The USEPA 24-hr PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ National Ambient Air Quality Standards (NAAQS) of 65 g m^-3 and 150 g m^-3, respectively, were exceeded on several occasions during the 30-day field campaign. Average PMconcentrations are highest when D-grade domestic coal was used, and lowest between day 11 and day 20 of the experiment when a majority of the low-smoke fuels were phased in. Source impacts from residential coal combustion are also found to be influenced by changes in meteorology, especially wind velocity.PM_2.5 and PM₁₀ mass, elements, water-soluble cations (sodium, potassium, and ammonium), anions (chloride, nitrate, and sulfate), as well as organic and elemental carbonwere measured on 15 selected days during the field campaign. PM_2.5 constituted more than 85% of PM₁₀ at three Qalabotjha residential sites, and more than 70% of PM₁₀ at the gradient site in the adjacent community of Villiers. Carbonaceous aerosol is by far the most abundant component, accounting for more than half of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites, and for more than a third of PM mass at the gradient site. Secondary aerosols such as sulfate, nitrate,and ammonium are also significant, constituting 8 to 12% of PM mass at the three Qalabotjha sites and 15 to 20% at the Villiers gradient site.     

城市生活垃圾分类回收治理激励监督机制研究

考虑政府政策激励监督对城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的影响,构建政府监管-企业处理-居民参与的演化博弈模型,借助演化博弈理论分析4种不同情境下城市生活垃圾分类回收治理的演化稳定策略,并借助数值仿真分析了政府激励监督对各方策略选择的影响.研究发现：居民进行垃圾分类获得的收益大于参与分类的成本两倍及以上时,才会主动参与垃圾分类,否则不会主动参与分类,同时居民对政府正向激励补贴的变化比企业更为敏感.政府实施较高的负向激励力度时可有效约束企业行为,但过高的监管成本会造成垃圾回收治理的管理困境.     

多污染源作用下填埋场地下水微生物群落分析

为给填埋场地下水污染评价和自然衰减修复提供理论支撑,以四川省红层区某典型生活垃圾填埋场为例,采集了11组具有代表性的地下水水样,通过水化学分析和微生物16S rRNA基因测序,分析了红层区生活垃圾填埋场与其周围农业、生活污染源共同作用下,地下水中微生物的群落结构特征,以及不同污染源对微生物群落结构的影响.地下水水质评价结果表明,调查区地下水水质尚未超标;但相对于背景井,地下水已普遍受到不同污染源的影响,其中垃圾填埋场渗滤液扩散区地下水中（RDPD）的主要污染物为NO₃^-（Pi （背）=7.320）和Cl^-（Pi （背）=7.136）;农业区中（RDAS）的主要污染物为NO₃^-（Pi （背）=15.185）;农业生活混合区中（RDHP）的主要污染物为NO₃^-（Pi （背）=25.040）和SO₄^2-（Pi （背）=8.259）.微生物群落结构分析结果显示,Proteobacteria （43.6%~84.1%）为该研究区域地下水中的优势菌门.Bradyrhizobium和毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae）内一个未划分的属为农业区地下水中的优势菌属,甲基珠菌科（Methylococcaceae）内一个未划分的属、毛单胞菌科（Comamonadaceae）内一个未划分的属和sulfuritalea为农业生活混合区地下水中的优势菌,垃圾填埋场渗滤液扩散区无明显的优势菌属,但其群落丰度明显高于其他3组.受不同污染源的综合影响,不同区域地下水中的微生物群落结构复杂,RDPD、RDHP、RDAS地下水中的微生物群落结构组成与背景监测井（RDBJ）中的无显著差异,其中RDPD和RDHP地下水中的微生物群落结构组成较为相似.环境因子对水样品微生物群落影响程度依次为SO₄^2->Cl^-> NH₄⁺-N>NO₃^--N>ORP>pH值,因此,调查区生活垃圾填埋场地下水中的微生物群落结构主要受生活污染源和填埋场污染源的影响,其次为农业污染源,最后是自然因素的影响.     

HRT对厌氧氨氧化协同异养反硝化脱氮的影响

采用SBR处理实际生活污水,在实现半亚硝化时,出水NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N及COD平均浓度分别为37.27、39.97和120mg·L~(-1),将其作为厌氧氨氧化反应器(ASBR)的进水.控制温度为24℃,pH为7.2±0.2,考察HRT分别为36、33、30和27h时对厌氧氨氧化协同异养反硝化脱氮的影响.结果表明:(1)HRT为33 h时系统脱氮效能最佳,总氮容积负荷(TNLR)和总氮去除负荷(TNRR)平均值分别为0.056 kg·(m3·d)~(-1)和0.050 kg·(m3·d)~(-1);NH_4~+-N、NO-2-N和COD平均出水浓度分别为1.36、0.47和49.79 mg·L~(-1),三者去除率分别为96.30%、98.83%和56.17%;ΔNO-2-N/ΔNH_4~+-N和ΔNO_3~--N/ΔNH_4~+-N分别为1.17和0.15,比厌氧氨氧化反应的理论值(1.32,0.26)小0.15和0.11,造成此偏差的原因是由于系统中存在异养反硝化.(2)随着HRT的逐渐减小,厌氧氨氧化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐减小,异养反硝化对脱氮的贡献率逐渐增加.本研究结果可为厌氧氨氧化技术在实际工程中的应用提供参考.     

一体式膜生物反应器(MBR)处理生活污水的研究

小区生活污水难以被完全收集和处理的特点,实验采用占地小、结构紧凑的一体式膜生物反应器对小区生活污水进行处理,探究一体式膜生物反应器对不同污染物的去除规律.结果显示反应器出水中的COD、TN、浊度以及典型污染物LAS的含量均能满足相关排放标准.同时研究了不同种类的膜清洗剂对膜通量恢复的影响,并发现酸类清洗剂有最好的清洗效果,碱类清洗剂能有效去除有机物和二氧化硅等污染物,而氧化性清洗剂效果并不理想.     

海南省农村生活用水与污水排放调查分析研究

随着经济发展,农村生活污水治理问题己经成为海南省环境保护突出的问题,为了充分掌握海南省农村生活污水特征,对海南省北部、东部、南部、西部和中部的村庄生活污水产生、排放、污染特征及污水收集现状进行调查,以期为海南省农村生活污水治理提供准确的基础数据。     

城镇生活污染排放系数调查与核算——以常州市为例

污染物排放系数的确定是准确核算城镇生活污染物数量的基本前提和重要保证.以太湖流域上游、经济发达的常州市为例,借助问卷访谈与实地监测等手段,调查与核算经济发达地区城镇居民生活污水排放特点,并解析其影响因素及机理.结果表明:受地区差异的影响,常州市城镇居民生活污染排放系数低于国家污染源普查核定系数;家庭规模、收入水平、文化程度和年龄结构是污染物排放系数的关键影响因素.其中,年龄结构对NH+4-N、TP排放系数的影响最大,年龄结构和收入水平是TN排放系数的关键影响因素,文化程度与COD排放系数的关联性最强.但环保意识对污染排放系数的影响不显著,主要作用仅表现在用水量的节约,而对水质的保护并不显著.     

RECLAIMED WASTE WATER FOR GROUNDWATER RECHARGE1

ABSTRACT. The Orange County Water District has conducted studies in waste water reclamation and groundwater recharge since 1965. The work has been done in three phases: (1) Study in both laboratory and pilot-scale units on the feasibility of reclaiming trickling filter effluent for injection through wells into confined aquifers; (2) long-term injection study to determine the fate of injected reclaimed water and to observe the performance of a multi-casing injection well; (3) testing alternative treatment methods in a 25,000 gpd pilot plant to solve the water quality problems which developed during the injection study. The reclaimed trickling filter effluent was found to be injectable and did not cause excessive well clogging. The multi-casing injection wells performed very satisfactorily. The reclaimed water would be acceptable for domestic use after travel through 500 feet of a confined aquifer in that bacteria, virus and toxic material were consistently absent. However, the odor and taste which persisted in the injected reclaimed water and the high concentration of dissolved inorganics are undesirable characteristics. Methods to eliminate the odor are being tested at the present time. A cooperative project with the Office of Saline Water is under way to develop a source of desalted seawater to blend with reclaimed waste water.     

不同草坪覆盖地下渗滤系统处理生活污水研究

采用高羊茅和结缕草2种不同草坪草覆盖的地下渗滤系统对生活污水进行处理.结果表明,不同处理对COD均有较好的去除效果,COD浓度从97～357 mg·L-1降至48 mg·L-1以下,达到我国污水处理二级排放标准,不同处理间差异不显著;不同处理对氨氮的去除从76.3～125.8 mg·L-1降至0.5 mg·L-1以下,...