地下渗滤系统微生物菌剂的研制及对污水的处理效能

地下渗滤污水处理系统具有投资少、设备简单、费用低、管理简便等特点。主要是通过添加自行研制的微生物菌剂改善土壤性状和增强地下渗滤系统中微生物活性,并进行菌剂的生理生化试验和污水处理试验;试验表明菌剂具有较高的微生物活性,添加在地下渗滤系统中,缩短了系统启动运行时间,提高了有机物降解和硝化效率。     

人工景观生态湖滨净化带植物的遴选

对水生植物处理生活污水的效果等展开了一些初步的研究。利用盆栽试验,比较了香蒲、美人蕉等8种水生植物的净化效果,所选的8种植物对污水均有不同程度的去除效果。挺水植物对污水的净化效果和耐污能力均优于沉水植物。利用水生植物处理生活污水,5 d的停留时间可以使污水达到较好的去除效果。挺水植物中美人蕉和水竹对污水的净化效果比香蒲和灯心草更好;沉水植物中伊乐藻的净化效果最好。植物对污水的净化效率有明显的季节差异,冬季污水净化效率低于夏秋两季,沉水植物在不同季节脱氮除磷效果有显著的差异。     

校园生活污水处理新技术

提出了一种新的污水处理技术，即用优势菌强化的SBR法对生活污水和洗澡废水进行处理。同时，与传统的SBR法、SBR＋厌氧法进行了比较，得出了不同处理方法对COD去除率的影响。研究结果表明：在进水和条件相同的条件下，优势菌强化的SBR法化传统SBR法所需处理时间缩短的近20h，比SBR＋厌氧法处理时间缩短了10h左右，显示了其在处理校园生活污水方面的显著效果，为校园生活污水的处理提供了新的思路。     

城镇粪便、易腐性生活垃圾、生活污水真空分类收运系统及资源化

对我国城镇粪便、易腐性生活垃圾、生活污水传统排放和处理模式的缺陷和存在的问题进行了分析。提出城镇粪便、易腐性生活垃圾、污水新型分类收运及快速制造有机复合肥系统，对其流程、原理、技术指标和社会、生态、经济意义做了简明的介绍，并与传统重力冲水排污系统从多方面进行了比较。     

水解—好氧处理制药废水的试验研究

采用水解与好氧相结合技术处理制药废水,在加入生活污水后制药废水易于处理。试验结果表明,进水CODCr和BOD5的浓度为2800mg/L和1040mg/L,经过水解酸化和两级接触氧化处理后,出水COD和BOD浓度分别为98.6mg/L和28.5mg/L,COD和BOD的总去除率分别为96.5%和97.3%,能满足国家污水综合排放标准的要求。     

生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析

采用灰色关联分析理论，阐述了生物流化床工艺处理生活污水实验的灰色关联分析方法，给出了其算法并编制了相关的程序，对实验中的主要条件：填料填充量、水力停留时间及污泥回流比对污水COD、NH3－N去除率的影响程度进行了研究，结果表明各因素的影响强弱顺序依次为：水力停留时间＞污泥回流比＞填料填充量。分析结果对生物流化床反应器的实际运行具有指导意义。     

两段接触氧化法处理生活污水的实验研究

接触氧化法具有处理效率高,耐冲击负荷,出水水质好,占地面积小等特点.本文在两段接触氧化法处理生活污水的模拟实验基础上,探讨了水力停留时间、供气量对处理效果的影响.实验结果表明:在总气水比为5∶1,两段的水力停留时间均为1 h时,COD、BOD5和SS的平均去除率分别达到94.5%、93.2%和91.7%.与活性污泥法相比,两段接触氧化法对氨氮有较好的去除效果.工程实例运行情况表明,出水水质符合国家污水排放标准,该法也适用于厂矿企业及城镇生活小区的生活污水处理.     

Effects of Management of Domestic Dogs and Recreation on Carnivores in Protected Areas in Northern California

Abstract: In developed countries dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) are permitted to accompany human visitors to many protected areas (e.g., >96% of protected lands in California, U.S.A.), and protected‐area management often focuses on regulating dogs due to concerns about predation, competition, or transmission of disease and conflicts with human visitors. In 2004 and 2005, we investigated whether carnivore species richness and abundance were associated with management of domestic dogs and recreational visitation in protected areas in northern California. We surveyed for mammalian carnivores and human visitors in 21 recreation areas in which dogs were allowed offleash or onleash or were excluded, and we compared our observations in the recreation areas with observations in seven reference sites that were not open to the public. Carnivore abundance and species richness did not differ among the three types of recreation areas, but native carnivore species richness was 1.7 times greater (p < 0.01) and the relative abundances of native coyotes (Canis latrans) and bobcats (Lynx rufus) were over four times greater (p < 0.01) in the reference sites. Abundances of bobcats and all carnivores declined as the number of visitors increased. The policy on domestic dogs did not appear to affect species richness and abundance of mammalian carnivores. But the number of dogs we observed was strongly associated with human visitation (R²= 0.54), so the key factors associated with recreational effects on carnivores appear to be the presence and number of human visitors to protected areas.     

CONTRASTING WATER QUALITY FROM PAIRED DOMESTIC/PUBLIC SUPPLY WELLS,CENTRAL HIGH PLAINS1

ABSTRACT: Closely located domestic and public supply wells were sampled using identical sampling procedures to allow comparison of water quality associated with well type. Water samples from 15 pairs of wells with similar screened intervals completed in the central High Plains regional aquifer in parts of Kansas, Oklahoma, and Texas were analyzed for more than 200 water quality constituents. No statistically significant differences were observed between the concentrations of naturally‐derived constituents (major ions, trace elements, and radon) in paired wells. However, differences in water quality between paired wells were observed for selected anthropogenic compounds (pesticides and tritium), in that some public supply wells produced water that was more recently recharged and contained constituents derived from surface activities. The presence of recently recharged water and compounds indicative of anthropogenic activities in some public supply wells was likely due to operational variations (pumping rate and pumping cycles), as demonstrated in a particle tracking simulation. Water containing surface‐derived anthropogenic compounds from near the water table was more quickly drawn to high volume public supply wells (less than five years) than domestic wells (greater than 120 years) with small pumping rates. These findings indicate that water quality samples collected from different well types in the same area are not necessarily directly comparable. Sampling domestic wells provides the best broad‐scale assessment of water quality in this aquifer setting because they are less susceptible to localized contamination from near the water table. However, sampling public supply wells better represents the quality of the used resource because of the population served.     

Ecotoxicity assessment of soil irrigated with domestic wastewater using different extractions

The toxicity of soil irrigated with treated domestic wastewater (site A) and untreated gray wastewater (site B) were investigated. Soil extracts were prepared using distilled water, acid solvent (0.1 mol·L^-1 HCl), and organic solvent (acetone:petroleum ether:cyclohexane= 1:1:1) to understand the type of pollutants responsible for the ecotoxicity associated with wastewater irrigation. The soil toxicity was assessed using a luminescence inhibition assay with Vibrio fischeri for acute toxicity, a micronucleus assay with Vicia faba root tips and a single cell gel electrophoresis assay of mice lymphocytes for genotoxicity. The physicochemical properties and the heavy metal (HM) contents of the irrigated soil were also analyzed. The results indicated that the wastewater irrigation at site A had no effects on the soil properties. With the exception of Pb, Zn, Fe, and Mn, the accumulation of HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) occurred. However, the irrigation at site A did not result in obvious acute toxicity or genotoxicity in the soil. The soil properties changed greatly, and HMs (Cu, Ni, and Cr) accumulated in site B. There were significant increases in the acute toxic and genotoxic effects in the soils from site B. The ecotoxicity in site B came primarily from organic-extractable pollutants.