钉螺的水力输送

血吸虫病是中国和其它许多国家的一种地方性流行病,钉螺是血吸虫唯一的中国宿主,钉螺运移是血吸虫病蔓延的主要原因。研究钉螺在河道中的输移规律,对控制血吸虫病流行十分重要。野外观测和实验研究表明、钉螺输移、尤其是大量钉螺的远距离输移,是借助于水流完成的,河流中钉螺的水力输送主要是以悬移质和移质的形式,以及被漂的挟带。     

DEVELOPING BIOLOGICAL INFORMATION SYSTEMS FOR WATER QUALITY MANAGEMENT1

ABSTRACT. Management of aquatic ecosystems requires a clear understanding of the goals to be achieved, appropriate information and the means to achieve the goals. Control measures applied to aquatic ecosystems, in the absence of information on the condition of the system, are apt to be inappropriate and thus may overprotect the receiving system at times and underprotect it at other times since the ability of ecosystems to receive wastes is not constant. A major determinant of the effectiveness and efficiency of ecological quality control is the lag time in the feedback of information. If the lag is too great, the control measures may repeatedly overshoot or undershoot the desired goal. Present techniques for measuring the responses of aquatic organisms and communities require days or weeks, whereas information for ecosystem quality control and prevention of ecological crises should be generated in minutes or hours as is the case for other quality control systems. Two biological monitoring systems have been developed to generate information rapidly. One system measures changes in the movement and breathing of fish in order to provide an early warning of developing toxicity in the wastes of an industrial plant. The other system measures changes in the diversity of algal comunities in streams by means of laser holography. The incorporation and use of these systems in industrial plants is discussed.     

THE NEED FOR A COMPREHENSIVE APPROACH IN THE MANAGEMENT OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESOURCES1

ABSTRACT Environmental resources can be managed properly only by adopting a comprehensive approach. The whole environment must be considered as a single system, and prior to any action, all types of environmental impacts caused by it should be studied in detail. This paper underlines the close relationship between different environmental problems, analyzes existing management patterns, and proposes new alternatives whenever applicable. The different constraints, which have to be considered in the decision-making process while developing a plan, are also discussed. It is concluded that efforts neglecting the interaction among different aspects of the environment do not upgrade the quality of water, air, and land to any appreciable degree.     

A respirometric method to measure mineralization of polymeric materials in a matured compost environment

A respirometric method was developed to measure the mineralization of polymeric materials in a matured compost environment. For the purpose of evaluating the method, results obtained for the mineralization of glucose and cellulose are presented. The matured compost, in addition to supplied nutrients, micronutrients, and an inoculum, serves as the matrix which supports the microbial activity. Recovery of the substrate carbon in the form of carbon dioxide from the glucose and cellulose added to test vessels was 68 and 70%, respectively. A statistical evaluation of the results obtained on substrate mineralization was carried out and showed acceptable reproducibility between replicate test vessels and test runs. The testing protocol developed has the following important characteristics: (1) the test reactors are maintained at 53 °C at a high solids loading (60% moisture), which has certain characteristics that are similar to a thermophilic compost environment; (2) the test matrix providing microbial activity is derived from readily available organic materials to facilitate reproducibility of the method in different laboratories; (3) the equipment required to perform this test is relatively inexpensive; and (4) the information obtained on polymer mineralization is vital to the study and development of biodegradable polymeric materials.Guest Editor: Dr. Graham Swift, Rohm & Haas.     

资源化治理糖厂"三废"

充分利用蔗糖厂的条件,采取"以废治废"和资源化系列技术治理蔗糖厂"三废",引入清洁生产概念,将污染物治理的产物全部转化为可就地使用的农肥,形成蔗糖业的良性循环,有效促进了蔗糖业的可持续发展.     

矿业固废淋溶物对地下环境的污染控制研究进展

初步探讨了矿业生产所产生的固体废物(煤矸石、矿渣和尾矿等)在水的淋溶和其他介质的作用下产生的有毒有害物质对地下环境(土壤和水)的污染机制,重点论述了有毒有害物质(重金属、有机污染物等)含量分配,尤其是有机污染物对地下水环境影响。针对其污染特点,提出了相应解决办法及今后需做的重点工作。     

提高垃圾焚烧电厂热能利用效率的几个途径

采用能量分析的方法,从几个侧面对垃圾焚烧发电厂热能利用效率低下的原因进行分析,提出了解决垃圾焚烧发电厂热能利用效率的途径:选择合适的炉型,降低散热损失以提高锅炉效率;对进厂垃圾进行堆酵以沥出其中水分,提高入炉垃圾低位热值;提高锅炉出口蒸汽参数,采用回热循环等措施增加蒸汽的可用能,提高系统发电效率。     

旅皖国内旅游者消费结构初探

分析比较了2001年旅皖国内旅游者消费结构的特点和原因,认为国内旅游者消费结构以刚性旅游消费为主,弹性旅游消费比重较低;普遍具有较强的住宿、餐饮消费偏好,购物、娱乐是消费弱项.为引导旅游者关注弹性消费,实现消费结构合理化,促进安徽省旅游业产业结构的优化升级和经济效益的持续增长,应构建形式多样的大众娱乐设施,丰富旅游景区的娱乐功能,提升旅游商品档次和销售能力,建设多功能购物街,多方位营造安全的旅游消费环境.     

九华山国内客源市场空间结构与出游行为研究

在实地调查的基础上，分析了九华山国内客源市场空间结构及其演变特征，得出国内客源市场集中程度降低、客源吸引力不断增强、波浪式推进的演变结论，并探讨了九华山旅游行为空间模式主要以单一目的地旅游模式和区域旅游模式为主，根据旅游意向调查结果显示，九华山与黄山在客源市场方面具有较强的互补性。     

天柱山国内旅游市场空间结构分析与优化

从旅游客源和客流两方面分析了天柱山国内旅游市场的空间结构特征及其演化:2002年与1996年相比,天柱山国内旅游客源市场有扩散趋势,但仍呈较强的集中性,客源吸引半径小幅上升,呈明显的近程性;旅游客流在景区空间呈现多中心辐射扩散的分布点.在此基础上,划分了天柱山国内旅游市场空间圈层结构,对不同的圈层结构提出了不同的经营策略,以达到优化市场空间结构的目的.