A mixed integer linear programming model for optimisation of organics management in an integrated solid waste system

In this paper, the authors propose a mixed integer linear programming model for designing an Integrated Solid Waste Management System (ISWMS) to meet specific economic goals. The model refers to a set of municipalities, known as ‘local basin’, which have to share a common waste management system. At the municipal level the model allows for an identification of the optimal collection service option; at the local basin level, the model provides the optimal waste flow appropriate to the collection service option of each municipality. The model has been applied to a full-scale case study of an area located in southeast Italy. A scenario analysis was carried out to investigate alternative municipal solid waste management options, which fundamentally differ in the organic flow mass rate to be either collected and composted or landfilled. Findings show that an increase in the cost of landfilling determines the optimal collection scenario and the configuration plants tend to recover higher rates of organics in separate collection and thus higher refuse derived fuel productions. The results obtained validate the application of the model in both the strategic planning and operational phases, by supporting public administrators at both municipality and local basin level in decision making and evaluation of technical and economic performances of ISWMSs.     

桐庐县富春江、分水江库区漂浮物打捞处置方案

桐庐县富春江、分水江库区漂浮物主要由水葫芦、生活垃圾、动物尸体三部分构成,结合桐庐县垃圾处理处置设施建设现状及规划,对水葫芦及生活垃圾采用机械打捞-压缩中转-烘干（仅水葫芦）-焚烧工艺,对动物尸体采用人工打捞-冷藏车运输-冷库储存-焚烧工艺。为确保水葫芦焚烧可行性,比较了烟气直接烘干和蒸汽间接烘干两种工艺,推荐采用蒸汽间接烘干。     

冷原子荧光法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中汞

通过试验研究,建立了用王水消解、冷原子荧光法测定生活垃圾堆肥产品中汞的方法.本方法的检出限为0.006 mg/kg (按称取0.5 g试样消解定容至50 ml计算),用于国内不同地域的堆肥样品测定,其相对标准偏差(RSD)在2.55%～10.7%之间,加标回收率介于91.0%～108.0%,可作为一种较理想的检验堆肥产品质量的方法.     

立体结构障碍物对甲烷预混火焰传播影响的研究

使用自行设计的火焰加速试验系统,研究了3种立体结构障碍物对管道内预混火焰传播速度和超压的影响。选用长方体、正四棱柱和圆柱,其阻塞比均为40%。结果表明,管道内障碍物对火焰传播的初始阶段起阻碍作用,当火焰越过障碍物后,障碍物加速火焰传播过程。有障碍物时管道内最大火焰传播速度和峰值超压比无障碍物时要大。随着点火距离的增大,管道中最大火焰传播速度和超压先变大后减小。当障碍物位于约6倍管径处时,对管道中火焰传播速度和超压影响最大。点火距离的改变对火焰传播速度的影响大于对管道内超压的影响。     

A Study on The Management of Municipal Residential Solid Waste in China

As the main organic pollutant in municipal living waste , kitchen waste causes secondary pollution in the course of its being gathered and transported to the landfill by mixing with other refuse and by decomposition. This makes pollution prevention more difficult and raises the cost of landfill engineering. However, the amount of solid waste to be treated can be decreased and such pollution burden lessened by disposing of the solid waste in local municipal areas. The program in Beijing also shows that this works well with our situation in China and can accelerate marketization and public participation.     

关于青岛市废旧电器循环利用对策的思考

随着科技的不断进步，家电产品更新换代的速度不断加快，由于废旧电器的不当处置所引发的环境问题日益突出。如何在保障环境安全的前提下，建立有效的废旧电器回收体系，实现废旧电器的资源最大化和环境无害化处置是当前我国大力发展循环经济主要面对和重点要解决的问题之一。本文以青岛市电器产品的生产和保有状况、废旧电器排放和资源化利用状况调查为基础，分析了静脉产业类生态工业园区的建设对促进废旧电器“3R”化的重要作用。揭示了建立合理的回收体系是青岛市废旧电器循环利用的主要因素。结合“延伸生产者责任制度”，提出青岛市废旧电器循环利用的对策及各相关方责任。为青岛市制订废旧电器相关地方性法规提供了重要依据，同时也为国家相关立法工作提供了重要借鉴。     

我国垃圾焚烧技术现状及发展预测

本文论述了在我国宏观政策环境下的垃圾焚烧技术的发展现状,并对垃圾焚烧技术的应用发展趋势进行了分析预测。     

城市生活垃圾堆肥处理工程技术发展探讨

文章分析了我国城市生活垃圾堆肥陷入滞销困境多年的原因，指出摆脱这一困境的技术途径是要大幅度提高堆肥品质。而要实现这一目标，首先必须引进先进的堆肥翻堆技术，缩短腐熟时间，提高腐熟度；其次是应用气流密度分选系统对粗堆肥进行精分选。     

Municipal solid waste production and composition in Finland—Changes in the period 1960–2002 and prospects until 2020

Waste reduction was recognised as the main goal of waste management policy in the EU in the 1990s. Although knowledge of past waste generation is essential for effective waste reduction policy there are no comprehensive statistics on the past development of municipal solid waste (MSW) production. MSW management is currently under turmoil in many EU countries as the requirements of the EC landfill directive (1999/31/EC) are set into force. In this study, the production and composition of MSW in Finland between 1960 and 2002 is presented using historical data. The impact of population, affluence and technology on MSW production are analysed using the IPAT equation and three scenarios are constructed until year 2020. The results are compared with national future targets on MSW production. Production of MSW increased in Finland until 1990, declined to year 1997, increased to 2000 and then declined again. The share of organic and plastic waste increased over the study period while the share of paper and cardboard declined. The results suggest that so far national targets on MSW reduction have been set fairly low. Moreover, our scenarios depict a wide range of future MSW production, even though the time horizon is not longer than 15 years into the future. In order to narrow this range, continuous improvement of the statistics of MSW is essential.     

度假村生活污水处理工程实践

以云湖度假村生活污水处理工程为实例，不用一次性投资较大的膜处理法，采用预曝调节＋生化＋生物过滤＋消毒，并从理论上及实际应用中进行了探讨说明该工艺。