Adaptability of microbial inoculators and their contribution to degradation of mineral oil and PAHs

Five dominant bacteria strains（A cetobacter sp., Alcdigenes sp., Micrococcus sp., Arthrobacter sp. and Bacillus sp.） and five fungi strains （Cephalosporium sp. Ⅰ, Cephalosporlum sp. Ⅱ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅰ, Aspergillus sp. Ⅱ and Fusarium sp.） isolated from petroleum-contaminated soil were used to assess the potential capability of mineral oil and PAH enhanced degradation separately and jointly using the batch liquid medium cultivation with diesel oil spiked at 1000 mg/L. The experiment was performed on a reciprocal shaker in the darkness at 25℃ to 30℃ for 100 d. The dynamic variation in the activity of microbial inoculators in each treatment and the degradation of the target pollutants during the period of experiment were monitored. Results showed a more rapid biodegradation of mineral oil and PAHs at the beginning of the experiment （about 20 d） by dominant bacteria, fungi and their mixture than that of the indigenous microorganisms, however, thereafter an opposite trcnd was exhibited that the removal ratio by indigenous microorganisms was superior to any other dominant treatments and the tendency lasted till the end of the experiment, indicating the limited competitive capability of dominant microorganisms to degrade the contaminants, and the natural selection of indigenous microorganisms for use in the removal of the contaminants. At the end of the experiment, the removal ratio of mineral oil ranged from 56.8 % to 79.2 % and PAHs ranged from 96.8 % to 99.1% in each treatment by microbial inoculators,     

氯代芳香族化合物高效降解菌的驯化与筛选

为了筛选除解造纸废水中的氯代芳香族化合物的高效降解菌株,选用了造纸废水SBR处理系统的活性污泥作为菌源,采用平板分离池分离出18种菌株,并从中选出生长势态良好的11种,通过对废水中CODCr,TCl的降解效果试验,确定出以M3＋M8为组合的优势混合菌。     

不同退化程度喀斯特生态系统根际土壤的养分分布特征

以贵州中部喀斯特地区由乔木林、灌木林和灌草丛等不同退化程度生态系统中的优势物种根际土壤为研究对象,测定其C、N、P全量及有效态质量分数,分析各优势物种根际土壤的养分变化。结果表明：3个生态系统中不同优势物种根际各类土壤养分质量分数变化较大,其中,土壤C、N、P养分为乔木林中园果化香根际土壤质量分数最高,白枥根际养分质量分数最低。可溶性有机碳质量分数为乔木林中最低,其平均水平不超过10 mg·kg-1。土壤磷素的供给能力为乔木林的园果化香和刺秋相对较强,其中园果化香中达到1.5%。而且优势树种间根际土壤有效态养分质量分数的差异明显高于全量养分,说明喀斯特地区根际土壤养分差异性主要受植被因素的影响,土壤有效态养分较全量养分对植被群落演替的响应更为灵敏,而且根际土壤养分质量分数和形态的变化与土壤有机碳质量分数有显著的正相关关系,这进一步说明喀斯特地区植被类型的变化对土壤养分的循环利用具有重要的影响作用。     

淀山湖水华高发期浮游植物群落变化特征研究

根据2009年5～10月淀山湖浮游植物数量和种类的观测结果,对水华高发季节浮游植物群落组成特点及优势种交替过程进行分析,初步探讨这一时期浮游植物群落特征与环境因子的关系.结果表明,这一时期浮游植物主要由蓝藻和绿藻组成,蓝藻在密度上、绿藻在种类上占优势.水平分布上,西部和西南部的蓝藻密度值和种类数较高.总密度最高峰出现在9月,其值为23.40×107cells.L-1,其中蓝藻数量占90.3%,各样点间总密度差异显著(ANOVA,P<0.05).优势种在调查期间存在明显的交替现象,蓝藻门微囊藻属(Microcystis)藻类逐步成为优势种并形成水华.水温与pH是影响水华发生的重要环境因子,微囊藻受风向影响容易向下风向水域聚集形成水华.淀山湖中部和西部的浮游植物多样性较差,水华暴发时,全湖多样性指数降低,群落结构趋于简单.     

白洋淀优势鱼类中喹诺酮类抗生素的生物累积特征及其与环境因子相关性

喹诺酮类抗生素（quinolone antibiotics,QNs）易富集于水生生物中,近年来在我国湖泊中广泛检出,且其生物富集系数和营养传递行为具有明显的时空异质性.本研究选取白洋淀9种优势鱼类为研究对象,分析14种QNs的生物累积特征及其与环境因子的相关性,评估了QNs健康风险.结果表明,白洋淀水体中∑QNs质量浓度范围为0.7400~1590 ng·L^-1,其中氟甲喹（flumequine,FLU）、喹酸（oxolinic acid,OXO）和氧氟沙星（ofloxacin,OFL）检出率较高,FLU平均质量浓度最高;鱼类体内∑QNs含量范围为17.1~146 ng·g^-1,其中环丙沙星（ciprofloxacin,CIP）和FLU平均含量较高.生物累积系数（bioaccumulation factors,BAF）范围（L·kg^-1）为96.2（BAF_MAR）~489（BAF_CIP）,表明QNs在鱼类中的生物累积能力较低.5种检出率较高的QNs［恩诺沙星（enrofloxacin,ENR）、FLU、马波沙星（marbofloxacin,MAR）、诺氟沙星（norfloxacin,NOR）和OFL］的营养放大因子（trophic magnification factors,TMF）范围为0.714（TMF_MAR）~1.33（TMF_ENR）,其中ENR呈营养放大,FLU、MAR和QNs呈营养稀释.理化参数与BAF和TMF相关性分析结果表明,pH、T、SD、DO、COD、TP、TN、NH₄⁺-N、NO₃^--N和PO₄^3--P与BAF和TMF相关性较为显著.健康风险评估结果表明,CIP的危害系数（hazard quotient,HQ,0.0040~0.026）显著高于其它QNs（≤0.0050）,危害指数（hazard index,HI）范围为0.0010~0.035,具有高健康风险.因此,应制定更为严格的抗生素排放标准,减少湖泊外源有机质和营养物质输入,以减少污染物在鱼类体内的生物累积,降低抗生素污染水平和健康风险.     

包埋固定化微生物处理垃圾渗滤液的应用研究

应用包埋固定化微生物处理垃圾渗滤液,确定适宜的进水浓度和水力停留时间(HRT),采用GC-MS分析渗滤液有机污染物的降解特性,并鉴定优势菌种,为应用固定化微生物提高渗滤液生化处理效率提供依据。结果表明:当进水ρ(COD)为700~800 mg/L,ρ(NH3-N)为300~400 mg/L时,固定化微生物对渗滤液的处理效果最好,此时最佳HRT为72 h,COD去除率达39.0%,氨氮去除率达69.0%;有机物组分分析显示固定化微生物对渗滤液中的烷烃类和羧酸类有较强的去除效果;菌种鉴定表明反应池中的主要优势菌种有鲁氏不动杆菌(Acinetobacter lwoffii),少动鞘氨醇单胞菌(Sphingomonas paucimobilis),嗜麦芽寡养单胞菌(Stenotrophomonas maltophilia),洋葱伯克霍尔德菌群(Burkholderia cepacia group),代尔夫特食酸菌(Delftia acidovorans),泛菌属(Pantoea sp)等6种具有降解有机物和脱氮能力的细菌。     

Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome in a father and a female fetus: early prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis and autosomal dominant transmission

Ultrasonography in a female fetus revealed cystic cervical hygroma, severe micrognathia, and vertebral and upper limb anomalies suggestive of cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS) which was diagnosed ultrasonographically at 16 weeks' gestation. The father is affected and presents with a Pierre Robin sequence, short stature and typical costovertebral anomalies. CCMS is a rare and severe disorder. The high frequency of sporadic cases, vertical transmission, and the excess of sibs affected via horizontal transmission suggest dominant autosomal mutation with possible germinal mosaicism. The vertical familial case detailed in the present report is a reminder of the high risk when one parent or one sibling is affected and the extreme variability of phenotype and costal ossification. Early prenatal ultrasound diagnosis is possible in a severely affected fetus. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

包头南海湖浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性季节分析

为了解寒旱区浮游植物群落年内结构变化和演替规律及其优势种的联结性,于2017年12月~2018年11月对包头市南海湖的浮游植物群落进行了调查分析.共鉴定出浮游植物7门66属151种,其中浮游植物优势种有4门15属15种,其种类和丰度随季节而变化.运用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定浮游植物优势种的生态位量度,发现不同季节各优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠不尽相同,各优势种对环境因子的适应能力也存在较大差异,在年内各种生境条件下,微小平裂藻生态位变化幅度最显著,依此认为微小平裂藻可作为南海湖水体污染状态指示种,且有可靠的生态学依据.生态位重叠值中ΔSO_ij值表示物种发展趋势,可第一时间反映南海湖水质是否受到外来因素干扰.群落物种相关性、种间联结性检验结果显示,南海湖浮游植物种间联结性总体上呈正关联关系,128对优势种对中仅有10对显现显著联结性,可见南海湖群落种间联结不紧密,群落结构不稳定,处于演替的初、中期阶段.     

南京市铅锌矿采矿场土壤重金属污染评价及优势植物重金属富集特征

为了筛选可用于修复土壤重金属污染的植物材料,测定了南京市某铅锌矿采矿场土壤及样地内14种优势植物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn的含量,并分析了采矿场土壤重金属的污染状况和14种植物对这6种重金属元素的富集和转运能力.结果表明,矿区土壤中Cd、Mn、Zn、Pb的污染最为严重,单因子污染指数分别达到了45.71、11.68、10.40和4.46;样地的内梅罗综合污染指数为33.45,也达到重度污染级别.尽管各种重金属的含量不同,14种优势植物均表现出了较强的重金属耐受能力,其中井栏边草(Pteris multifida)和络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides)对6种重金属均表现出很高的富集能力.所有植物体内Zn含量均超出了正常范围,但仅马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)对Zn的生物富集系数大于1,其他植物的重金属生物富集系数均小于1.14种植物对重金属的生物转移系数较高,其中菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)和野菊(Dendranthema indicum)对6种重金属的生物转移系数均大于1.根据植物对重金属的吸收机制,可将14种植物分为3类:富集型植物,如菊芋(H.tuberosus)、野菊(D.indicum)、垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana)、爵床(Justicia procumbens)、马唐(D.sanguinalis)、山莴苣(Sonchus brachyotus)、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和狗尾草(Setaria viridis);根部囤积型植物,如井栏边草(P.multifida)和络石(T.jasminoides);规避型植物,如一枝黄花(Solidago decurrens)、蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)、青绿苔草(Carex breviculmis)和贯众(Cyrtomium fortunei).     

Monitoring The Dynamics Of Coastal Vegetation In Southwestern Taiwan

This study analyzes the results of the first 5 years of long-term environmental monitoring of the dynamics of coastal vegetation communities in southwestern Taiwan. Seven permanent plots were established in major vegetation communities, including grassland, windbreak forest, and secondary succession forest. Results showed that species richness decreased yearly in grasslands but fluctuated moderately in the forest plots. A Jaccard similarity coefficient was used to evaluate the similarities of species composition between different monitoring years. Species composition changed rapidly in grassland sites, with the similarity coefficient dropping from 82 to 29% in 5 years. The similarity coefficient of vegetation in the compositehardwood forest dropped from 80 to 50%, indicating that at least half the species were the same as those in the beginning and that the composition of forest communities was more stable than that of grassland communities. Dominant species in the forest community changed gradually during the monitoring period. The original planting of Casuarina equisetifolia in windbreak forests decreased year by year in most of the plots, while Cerbera manghas and Ficus microcarpa became the dominant species. The trend of replacement of dominant species indicates that most of the vegetation communities are still in successional stages.