Strategic 3-hydroxy-2-butanone release in the dominant male lobster cockroach, <Emphasis Type="Italic">Nauphoeta cinerea</Emphasis>

In the lobster cockroach Nauphoete cinerea, the dominant–subordinate hierarchy formed via the agonistic interactions is unstable, and changes in rank order are common. Our previous results showed that in the first encounter fight during initial rank formation, microgram levels of 3H-2B are released by the aggressive posture (AP)-adopting dominant male. In the present study, the pattern of daily pheromone (3H-2B) release during the domination period and on the day of rank switch, rank duration, and rank switch frequency were investigated in three-male groups and six-male groups to examine the effect of higher frequency of agonistic encounters. The results showed that, in the three-male groups (50-day observation period), daily 3H-2B release rate was not constant, but fluctuated, the average duration of dominant rank was 16.6 ± 2.0 days, rank switch occurred in 58.8% of groups, and the frequency of rank switching (average number of rank switches/group/50 days) was 1.4 ± 0.2. For the six-male groups (30-day observation period), the daily 3H-2B release rate also fluctuated, but the duration of dominant rank was significantly shorter at 4.2 ± 0.6 days, rank switch occurred in 100% of groups, and the frequency of rank switching (average number of rank switches/group/30 days) was significantly higher at 6.9 ± 0.6. The results for both sets of male groups showed that as a new rank formed (either on the first encounter day or on the day of rank switching), the dominant status was significantly associated with a higher 3H-2B release rate. In the animal kingdom, fighting usually involves communication or the exchange of signals, and the results of this study indicated that the fluctuating daily 3H-2B release rate adopted by the dominants is a kind of strategic release and the 3H-2B release rate is a signal used to determine dominance.     

太湖水体散射特性及其与悬浮物浓度关系模型

水体散射特性与水环境参数如悬浮颗粒及其浓度密切相关.利用Wetlabs公司研制的水体固有光学特性测量系统,于2006-10～2006-11对太湖水体的散射系数和后向散射系数进行了测量.在对水体散射特性分析的基础上,建立了太湖水体颗粒物后向散射系数的光谱模型.此外,利用后向散射率计算水体折射系数,根据折射系数的变化范围,将水中颗粒物的主导因子分为3种类型：①浮游植物主导;②无机颗粒物主导;③两者共同主导.在对散射系数与无机悬浮物、有机悬浮物、总悬浮物浓度相关性分析的基础上,针对颗粒物主导因子的不同,分别建立了散射系数与无机悬浮物浓度的乘幂关系模型.     

Cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome in a father and a female fetus: early prenatal ultrasonographic diagnosis and autosomal dominant transmission

Ultrasonography in a female fetus revealed cystic cervical hygroma, severe micrognathia, and vertebral and upper limb anomalies suggestive of cerebro-costo-mandibular syndrome (CCMS) which was diagnosed ultrasonographically at 16 weeks' gestation. The father is affected and presents with a Pierre Robin sequence, short stature and typical costovertebral anomalies. CCMS is a rare and severe disorder. The high frequency of sporadic cases, vertical transmission, and the excess of sibs affected via horizontal transmission suggest dominant autosomal mutation with possible germinal mosaicism. The vertical familial case detailed in the present report is a reminder of the high risk when one parent or one sibling is affected and the extreme variability of phenotype and costal ossification. Early prenatal ultrasound diagnosis is possible in a severely affected fetus. Copyright © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.     

Monitoring The Dynamics Of Coastal Vegetation In Southwestern Taiwan

This study analyzes the results of the first 5 years of long-term environmental monitoring of the dynamics of coastal vegetation communities in southwestern Taiwan. Seven permanent plots were established in major vegetation communities, including grassland, windbreak forest, and secondary succession forest. Results showed that species richness decreased yearly in grasslands but fluctuated moderately in the forest plots. A Jaccard similarity coefficient was used to evaluate the similarities of species composition between different monitoring years. Species composition changed rapidly in grassland sites, with the similarity coefficient dropping from 82 to 29% in 5 years. The similarity coefficient of vegetation in the compositehardwood forest dropped from 80 to 50%, indicating that at least half the species were the same as those in the beginning and that the composition of forest communities was more stable than that of grassland communities. Dominant species in the forest community changed gradually during the monitoring period. The original planting of Casuarina equisetifolia in windbreak forests decreased year by year in most of the plots, while Cerbera manghas and Ficus microcarpa became the dominant species. The trend of replacement of dominant species indicates that most of the vegetation communities are still in successional stages.     

南京市铅锌矿采矿场土壤重金属污染评价及优势植物重金属富集特征

为了筛选可用于修复土壤重金属污染的植物材料,测定了南京市某铅锌矿采矿场土壤及样地内14种优势植物中Cd、Cr、Cu、Mn、Pb、Zn的含量,并分析了采矿场土壤重金属的污染状况和14种植物对这6种重金属元素的富集和转运能力.结果表明,矿区土壤中Cd、Mn、Zn、Pb的污染最为严重,单因子污染指数分别达到了45.71、11.68、10.40和4.46;样地的内梅罗综合污染指数为33.45,也达到重度污染级别.尽管各种重金属的含量不同,14种优势植物均表现出了较强的重金属耐受能力,其中井栏边草(Pteris multifida)和络石(Trachelospermum jasminoides)对6种重金属均表现出很高的富集能力.所有植物体内Zn含量均超出了正常范围,但仅马唐(Digitaria sanguinalis)对Zn的生物富集系数大于1,其他植物的重金属生物富集系数均小于1.14种植物对重金属的生物转移系数较高,其中菊芋(Helianthus tuberosus)和野菊(Dendranthema indicum)对6种重金属的生物转移系数均大于1.根据植物对重金属的吸收机制,可将14种植物分为3类:富集型植物,如菊芋(H.tuberosus)、野菊(D.indicum)、垂序商陆(Phytolacca americana)、爵床(Justicia procumbens)、马唐(D.sanguinalis)、山莴苣(Sonchus brachyotus)、龙葵(Solanum nigrum)和狗尾草(Setaria viridis);根部囤积型植物,如井栏边草(P.multifida)和络石(T.jasminoides);规避型植物,如一枝黄花(Solidago decurrens)、蛇莓(Duchesnea indica)、青绿苔草(Carex breviculmis)和贯众(Cyrtomium fortunei).     

包头南海湖浮游植物优势种生态位及种间联结性季节分析

为了解寒旱区浮游植物群落年内结构变化和演替规律及其优势种的联结性,于2017年12月~2018年11月对包头市南海湖的浮游植物群落进行了调查分析.共鉴定出浮游植物7门66属151种,其中浮游植物优势种有4门15属15种,其种类和丰度随季节而变化.运用改进的Levins公式和Petraitis指数测定浮游植物优势种的生态位量度,发现不同季节各优势种的生态位宽度和生态位重叠不尽相同,各优势种对环境因子的适应能力也存在较大差异,在年内各种生境条件下,微小平裂藻生态位变化幅度最显著,依此认为微小平裂藻可作为南海湖水体污染状态指示种,且有可靠的生态学依据.生态位重叠值中ΔSO_ij值表示物种发展趋势,可第一时间反映南海湖水质是否受到外来因素干扰.群落物种相关性、种间联结性检验结果显示,南海湖浮游植物种间联结性总体上呈正关联关系,128对优势种对中仅有10对显现显著联结性,可见南海湖群落种间联结不紧密,群落结构不稳定,处于演替的初、中期阶段.     

Changes in Arthropod Assemblages along a Wide Gradient of Disturbance in Gabon

Abstract: Searching for indicator taxa representative of diverse assemblages, such as arthropods, is an important objective of many conservation studies. We evaluated the impacts of a wide gradient of disturbance in Gabon on a range of arthropod assemblages representing different feeding guilds. We examined 4 × 10⁵ arthropod individuals from which 21 focal taxa were separated into 1534 morphospecies. Replication included the understory of 3 sites in each of 4 different stages of forest succession and land use (i.e., habitats) after logging (old and young forests, savanna, and gardens). We used 3 complementary sampling methods to survey sites throughout the year. Overall differences in arthropod abundance and diversity were greatest between forest and open habitats, and cleared forest invaded by savanna had the lowest abundance and diversity. The magnitude of faunal differences was much smaller between old and young forests. When considered at this local scale, anthropogenic modification of habitats did not result in a monotonous decline of diversity because many herbivore pests and their associated predators and parasitoids were abundant and diverse in gardens, where plant productivity was kept artificially high year‐round through watering and crop rotation. We used a variety of response variables to measure the strength of correlations across survey locations among focal taxa. These could be ranked as follows in terms of decreasing number of significant correlations: species turnover > abundance > observed species richness > estimated species richness > percentage of site‐specific species. The number of significant correlations was generally low and apparently unrelated to taxonomy or guild structure. Our results emphasize the value of reporting species turnover in conservation studies, as opposed to simply measuring species richness, and that the search for indicator taxa is elusive in the tropics. One promising alternative might be to consider “predictor sets” of a small number of taxa representative of different functional groups, as identified in our study.     

万家寨引黄工程沿线植物群落优势种群分布格局研究

应用扩散系数、聚集指数、平均拥挤度、Green指数、聚集强度和负二项分布的χ2拟合检验等方法,研究了山西万家寨引黄工程优势种群的分布格局,并阐述了各指数间的关系。结果表明:绝大多数自然种群都服从聚集分布,而沙棘、苔草和蒲公英呈随机分布。这主要与物种本身的生态和生物学特性有关,也与物种间的竞争排斥作用有关。在判定物种分布格局的5种方法中,以方差/均值比率和负二项分布的检验联合运用效果较好,不仅生态学意义明显,而且结果具有严格的统计学意义。     

北京市室外空气真菌分布特征

通过定点取样研究北京市空气真菌的种类组成,浓度特征及其动态变化规律.监测结果表明,北京市空气真菌平均浓度为(1164.8±73.2)CFU.m^-3,浓度变异很大,变化范围为23.6～13959.5CFU.m^-3.空气中优势真菌为枝孢属(Cladosporium)、青霉属(Penicillium)、链格孢属(Alternaria)、曲霉属(Aspergillus)和无孢菌(non-sporing),其中枝孢属是绝对优势真菌,浓度约占真菌总浓度的1/3以上.文教区和公园绿地空气真菌浓度夏季和秋季较高,春季和秋季较低,而交通干线空气真菌浓度4季变化趋势不明显.文教区和公园绿地空气真菌浓度明显高于交通干线(p<0.05),文教区和公园绿地之间则没有显著差异.     

鄱阳湖草滩湿地植物群落响应水位变化的周年动态特征分析

水位变化影响湿地水生植物群落的初级生产力、物种多样性及群落结构. 鄱阳湖作为我国最大的吞吐型、季节性浅水通江湖,其水位季节性变化显著. 通过对2009—2010年鄱阳湖3个水情期(丰水期、平水期、枯水期)的湖泊生态学调查,分析水位波动对鄱阳湖植物群落及植物的影响特征. 结果表明:丰水期鄱阳湖高水位导致草滩湿地植被被完全淹没,潜水型湿生植物受高水位胁迫,多采取休眠或耐受的生存策略度过不利时期. 该时期沉水和浮叶植物占优势,优势种为竹叶眼子菜、微齿眼子菜、苦草、轮叶黑藻、金鱼藻和荇菜.2009年枯水期鄱阳湖低水位创历史新低且提前近1个月到来,湖洲滩地的湿生植被也提前近1个月萌发,洲滩以虉草、灰化苔草、蒌蒿、水蓼、千金子和蓼子草占优势,中高位草滩以中生-湿生植物类群占优势. 平水期鄱阳湖洲滩部分被淹没,形成较明显水位梯度,优势湿生植物苔草属植物和虉草的地上部分生物量在水位梯度上变化显著.