Disentangling the causes of protected‐species bycatch in gillnet fisheries

Gillnet fisheries are widely thought to pose a conservation threat to many populations of marine mammals, seabirds, and turtles. Gillnet fisheries also support a significant proportion of small‐scale fishing communities worldwide. Despite a large number of studies on protected‐species bycatch in recent decades, relatively few have examined the underlying causes of bycatch and fewer still have considered the issue from a multitaxon perspective. We used 3 bibliographic databases and one search engine to identify studies by year of publication and taxon. The majority of studies on the mechanisms of gillnet bycatch are not accessible through the mainstream published literature. Many are reported in technical papers, government reports, and university theses. We reviewed over 600 published and unpublished studies of bycatch in which causal or correlative factors were considered and identified therein 28 environmental, operational, technical, and behavioral factors that may be associated with high or low bycatch rates of the taxa. Of the factors considered, 11 were associated with potential bycatch reduction in 2 out of the 3 taxa, and 3 factors (water depth, mesh size, and net height) were associated with trends in bycatch rate for all 3 taxa. These findings provide a basis to guide further experimental work to test hypotheses about which factors most influence bycatch rates and to explore ways of managing fishing activities and improving gear design to minimize the incidental capture of species of conservation concern while ensuring the viability of the fisheries concerned.     

SCR脱硝技术在沧东电厂4号机组中的应用

以沧东电厂4号机组进行的脱硝改造工程为例,阐述了选择性催化还原(SCR)烟气脱硝系统的工作原理,并对SCR反应器、催化剂等脱硝设备的特点进行了详细地介绍,同时对4号机组加装脱硝装置后对空预器、引风机的影响进行了详细地分析,并针对其影响提出了具体的改造措施。     

基于最弱t-模的飞机起落架模糊故障树分析

目的针对飞机起落架部件失效的模糊性以及传统模糊故障树分析中采用扩展原理或区间运算而导致模糊积累的缺点,提出了一种基于最弱t-模的飞机起落架模糊故障树分析新方法。方法采用梯形模糊数表示飞机起落架部件模糊失效概率,给出最弱t-模的模糊运算法则,并利用最弱t-模法则进行模糊故障树分析。结果得到了飞机起落架系统的模糊失效概率以及部件的重要度。结论与传统模糊故障树分析方法比较,该方法具有更加灵活适用的优点,为飞机起落架可靠性评估奠定了基础。     

基于Pro/Engineer平台的齿轮精密成形CAD/CAPP2.0系统

利用VisualC++的面向对象编程、模块化、代码重用、组件共享等技术,开发出用于塑性精密成形的齿轮CAD/CAPP系统的用户界面和程序代码,并使用三维软件Pro/Engineer中的Pro gram模块,读取程序代码的相关信息,实现模块的自动化设计。     

三销齿轮高速冷镦挤工艺及模具设计

分析了摩托车变速器三销齿轮的成形工艺。采用了高速令镦挤成形工艺，可提高三销齿轮的质量、减少机械加工及降低产品成本。对三销齿轮成形工艺和模具设计作了详细探讨。     

一种新型的机械除尘技术——旋流除尘离心机

简要介绍了一项高效、经济的机械除尘技术,一种新型的旋流除尘离心机,给出了这种离心机除尘性能指标等的中期试验结果,指出了它的技术特点。     

台湾:从粤东沿海逆时针旋转而来的陆块

从台湾岛基本地质特征出发,通过与大陆东南沿海及邻近地区之间的地质对比,提出关于台湾岛成因的新假说,即台湾岛是在晚中生代随着东南大陆的离散而逐渐分离出去的一个陆块,并经历逆时针旋转,于中新世以后在福建沿海与大陆碰撞拼贴.     

基于GWO-VMD算法的齿轮故障自适应特征提取

目的 齿轮产生故障时,利用其声发射信号进行自适应特征提取后诊断。方法 利用变分模态分解方法（VMD）对齿轮发生故障时的声发射信号进行分解。在现实状况中,采集声发射原信号噪声干扰大,导致特征提取准确度低,并且模态分解时参数需要人为调试设定。鉴于此,引入灰狼优化算法（GWO）,对模态分解个数k和二次惩罚因子α自适应选择最优参数后,对信号分解得到本征模态函数（IMF）。通过相关系数选出最佳IMF作为特征分量,计算其峭度和样本熵。结果 计算了各分量的相关系数,选取与原始信号最为相近的分量,分别计算其峭度和样本熵。分解后,齿轮故障声发射信号峭度高于正常的情况,而样本熵则偶然性表现为正常情况下的值大于故障条件下的值。结论 采用支持向量机对特征向量集进行分类识别,对比改进后的试验结果,GWO-VMD结合峭度–样本熵的方法能够有效地提取故障特征,判断齿轮状态是否健康。     

水陆两栖飞机起落架水环境适应性验证要求与方法

通过水浸润、水冲击、结冰、海洋腐蚀等水环境对起落架的影响及其损伤失效模式的分析研究,提出了水陆两栖飞机起落架水环境验证要求。综合考虑环境适应性验证规范、标准的合理选用和剪裁,建立了水陆两栖飞机起落架水环境试验验证方法,涵盖静水密试验、连续水冲击试验、泥沙水试验、结冰试验以及海洋环境腐蚀试验的条件和方法,以期为水陆两栖飞机起落架的环境适应性设计与验证提供支持。     

Bio-economic evaluation of implementing trawl fishing gear with different selectivity

The paper develops a biological-economic evaluation tool to analyse the consequences for trawl fishers of implementing more selective fishing technologies. This is done by merging a dynamic biological population model and an economic cost–benefit evaluation framework to describe the consequences for the fish stocks, fishermen and society. The bio-economic evaluation is applied to the case of the Danish trawl fishery in Kattegat and Skagerrak, which experiences a high level of discards and bycatches of several species. Four different kinds of selectivity scenarios are evaluated in comparison with a baseline. The results from the evaluation are indicators for the consequences on ecological and economic levels. The results show that implementation of different selective fishing gear in the Kattegat and Skagerrak mixed trawl fisheries generally implies a trade off over time between rebuilding the stocks and economic loss. Moreover, the analysis shows that implementation of more selective gear is not always beneficial.