垃圾堆体固有渗透与孔隙度协同演化特征实验研究

为探讨上覆载荷作用下垃圾堆体渗透特性的变化规律,采用自制的生活垃圾渗透率/孔隙度测试实验装置,研究了不同载荷、不同压实密度及不同含水率对垃圾堆体固有渗透率和孔隙度变化规律的影响,并构建了固有渗透率与孔隙度之间的协同表征模型。结果表明,压实密度与上覆载荷呈指数递增的变化形式;随着含水率的增大,垃圾固有渗透率显著降低;垃圾固有渗透率随孔隙度的减小呈现指数递减,传统K-C模型无法描述这一变化规律,而幂函数形式(κ=AnB)和线性形式(lg(κ)=a+blg(n))2种协同表征模型均与实验结果达到了良好的拟合效果,验证了2种模型的可靠性;随着模型尺度的增大,固有渗透率从10-15m2量级增加至10-12m2量级,孔隙度从0.378增加至0.685。     

An analytical model for the interpretation of pulse injection experiments performed for testing the spatial variability of clay formations

This paper presents an analytical model to describe pulse injection experiments. This model solves the advection-diffusion equation while taking into account back diffusion from the clay core to the inlet and from the outlet to the clay core. In most analytical models, back diffusion is neglected. For sufficiently high Péclet numbers, this is a good approximation. However, in experiments where the Péclet number is low, back diffusion is important and must be taken into account. An additional advantage of the present model is that both concentration and flux are conserved at the inlet and at the outlet of the clay core. This model is used to fit pulse injection experiments with iodide and tritiated water (HTO) in clay cores. The (new) model is required for fitting the experimental results since in clay layers advection is very slow leading to a low Péclet number. The experiments are performed on clay cores taken from different depths from the Boom Clay and the Ypres Clay layer under the site of the nuclear power plant of Doel (Belgium). The quality of all fits is excellent and the obtained parameter values are coherent. For HTO, the fitted value for the diffusion accessible porosity is consistent with measurements of the water content in Ypres Clay cores. In both types of clays, the apparent diffusion coefficient at zero flow is between 10(-10) and 2 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for iodide and between 2 x 10(-10) and 3 x 10(-10) m(2)/s for HTO. The dispersion length is in the order of 10(-3) m. The average value for the diffusion accessible porosity is between 0.35 and 0.4 for HTO and between 0.2 and 0.25 for iodide.     

基于设计暴雨强度城市河道排涝与管渠排水标准关系研究

城市化地区河道排涝系统与管渠排水系统,分属不同的管理部门,遵循不同的行业规范。该文分析了城市河道排涝与城市管渠排水的功能及关系,从排水系统的特点及计算方法探析了城市河道排涝与管渠排水的区别。还讨论了排涝标准三个主要因素暴雨历时、排涝时间和设计暴雨重现期的拟定,探讨了城市河道排涝与城市管渠排水标准的衔接方法,并以合肥市十五里河为例,通过推求设计暴雨强度拟定河道排涝和管渠排涝设计暴雨重现期之间的定量关系,为城市排水工程规划提供了参考依据。     

塔里木河流域的生态环境质量综合评价研究

采用切实可行的指标体系综合评价塔里木河流域生态环境质量,对流域的近期综合治理以及其它环境建设工程都具有很强的参考和指导意义。本文结合已有的研究成果,首次运用RS／GIS技术,参考2003年中国环境监测总站颁布的《生态环境质量评价方法》。以塔里木河流域的42个县(市)为评价单元,对塔里木河流域生态环境质量进行综合评价。结果表明,整个塔里木河流域的生态环境质量属较差和差级,其中干流上游与四源流经地区环境质量略好于其它地区。天山南麓、环塔里木盆地北部及西部绿洲区的生态环境状况优于环塔里木盆地南缘的和田地区,评价结果符合实际情况。     

酸性矿山排水污染的水库水体酸化特征

矿业开发产生的酸性排水导致下游水体酸化,严重破坏水域生态平衡. 以受酸性矿山排水(Acid Mine Drainage,AMD)影响的水库水体为研究对象,通过对水库表层水、界面水和沉积物孔隙水中水质参数的变化进行分析,探讨水库水体酸化特征. 结果表明:表层水、界面水pH分别为3.22～3.38和2.70～3.02,水库上覆水体严重酸化,沿沉积物剖面向下酸化程度逐渐减弱;上游AMD在水库水体中存在自然净化过程,而表层沉积物可再次提高上覆水体酸度;沉积物孔隙水ρ(SO₄2-)极高(0.29～11.85 g/L)且在垂向剖面上变化波动较大,可能与沉积物中次生矿物的形成转化、季节及其他外界条件的变化有关.      

顶板水力挠动强制卸压煤层瓦斯抽采工程实践

对塑性松软煤体进行水力挠动较难取得理想的瓦斯增浓提效效果,为克服该措施的局限性,使松软煤层有效卸压增透,可将挠动对象转移至煤层顶板砂岩.基于对顶板砂岩水力挠动裂隙发育、延展及煤层卸压增透机理分析,在试验矿井的松软煤层及顶板砂岩中分别施工钻孔进行水力挠动试验,同时采用多级指标对措施后的瓦斯抽采效果进行考察.结果表明:水力...     

Rainfall conditions and rainwater harvesting potential in the urban area of Khartoum

Runoff water management is among the inherent challenges which face the sustainability of the development of arid urban centers. These areas are particularly at risk from flooding due to rainfall concentration in few heavy showers. On the other hand, they are susceptible to drought. The capital of Sudan (Khartoum) stands as exemplary for these issues. Hence, this research study aims at investigating the potential of applying rainwater harvesting (RWH) in Khartoum City Center as a potential urban runoff management tool. Rapid urbanization coupled with the extension of impervious surfaces has intensified the heat island in Khartoum. Consequently, increased frequency of heat waves and dust storms during the dry summer and streets flooding during the rainy season have led to environmental, economical, and health problems. The study starts with exposing the rainfall behavior in Khartoum by investigating rainfall variability, number of raindays, distribution of rain over the season, probability of daily rainfall, maximum daily rainfall and deficit/surplus of rain through time. The daily rainfall data show that very strong falls of >30 mm occur almost once every wet season. Decreased intra- and inter-annual rainfall surpluses as well as increased rainfall concentration in the month of August have been taking place. The 30-year rainfall variability is calculated at decade interval since 1941. Increasing variability is revealed with 1981–2010 having coefficients of variation of 66.6% for the annual values and 108.8–118.0% for the wettest months (July–September). Under the aforementioned rainfall conditions, this paper then explores the potential of RWH in Khartoum City Center as an option for storm water management since the drainage system covers only 40% of the study area. The potential runoff from the 6.5 km² center area is computed using the United States Natural Resources Conservation Services method (US-NRCS), where a weighted Curve Number (CN) of 94% is found, confirming dominant imperviousness. Rainfall threshold for runoff generation is found to be 3.3 mm. A 24,000 m³ runoff generated from a 13.1 mm rainfall (with 80% probability and one year return period) equals the drainage system capacity. An extreme rainfall of 30 mm produces a runoff equivalent to fourfold the drainage capacity. It is suggested that the former and latter volumes mentioned above could be harvested by applying the rational method from 18% and 80% rooftops of the commercial and business district area, respectively. Based on the above results, six potential sites can be chosen for RWH with a total roof catchment area of 39,558 m² and potential rooftop RWH per unit area of 0.033 m³. These results reflect the RWH potential for effective urban runoff management and better water resources utilization. RWH would provide an alternative source of water to tackle the drought phenomenon.