大春河小流域综合治理措施及成效

大春河小流域水土保持综合治理成效显著,是一个高标准、大规模、好效益的集综合防治、科技推广、试验示范于一体的"精品小流域",为水土流失综合治理与农业产业结构调整起了很好的示范作用。     

Speciation of Solutes in Drainage and Pore Waters of Two Former Lignite Mines (Germany)

An experimental speciation scheme consisting of ultra-filtration(1 kD), cation and anion exchange has been developed. Parallel calculations of the ion balances are performed using the computerroutine MINTEQA2. The experimental and computed ion balances suffer from non-equilibrium conditions, incalculability of metal-binding colloids or sub-colloids, inaccurate Eh measurements and analytical errors. In most samples colloidal or sub-colloidal structures of Fe oxy-hydroxides and/or gypsum influence the behavior of many trace elements. The comparison of theory and experiment has to be restricted to acid waters (pH < 5) where colloids (1–450 nm) and non-filterable colloids or sub-colloids (<1 nm) play a minor role. Yet, only a few transition metals such as Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, or Cd remain more or less free of colloidal influence in low pH waters. The effect of DOC on Al may be estimated by model substances like citrate.     

澳大利亚矿山酸性废水的管理与处理

本文简要介绍了澳大利亚矿山含酸废弃物及酸性废水的管理与处理方法 ,将为我国的矿山环境保护提供借鉴作用。     

Combined steam distillation and electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) treatment of river sediment contaminated by PCBs

A combined treatment process utilizing steam distillation followed by electrochemical peroxidation (ECP) has been utilized to remove >90% of the polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) in St. Lawrence River sediment and destroy 95% of the PCBs recovered in the condensate. 2 l of condensate were collected by boiling 500 grams of sediment containing 4.3 mg PCBs. Most of the PCBs (82.3%) were recovered as a small volume (<1 ml) of yellow oil floating on the condensate and coating glassware surfaces. The aqueous phase PCBs (182 μg/l) were destroyed (95%) by three sequential ECP treatments at 16.8°C and pH 5, utilizing 1 ml of H₂O₂ (3%) and periodically reversed current (0.75–1.0 A @ 10 volts). Oxidation is primarily mediated by hydroxyl radicals produced by the reaction of hydrogen peroxide with electrochemically generated ferrous iron (Fenton's reagent). This work suggests steam extraction, in combination with advanced oxidation technologies, provides an effective treatment strategy for contaminated solids.     

河流健康评价指标体系研究

当今社会经济的发展,一般会带来河流环境污染的问题,但却违背了人们对良好环境的要求,所以河流健康问题也就越来越受到关注.在参阅国内外相关研究的基础上,综述了学者们对河流健康概念的理解以及河流健康评价的国内外进展,总结了河流健康评价指标体系选取和评价方法,提出了一些评价指标、方法的建议和发展方向,最后给出了结论.     

澜湄水资源合作机制

水资源合作是澜湄合作的五大优先方向,是各国重点打造的旗舰领域。本文分析了澜沧江—湄公河流域现有水资源合作机制的现状,梳理了澜湄水资源合作机制的框架和合作进展,并在此基础上归纳总结了澜湄水资源合作机制合作层次高、领域广、全流域参与等优势。结合澜湄水资源合作机制现阶段合作情况,提出加强水资源工作组与其他工作组沟通协调,设立专项水资源行动计划专项基金和加强澜湄水资源合作智库建设,完善和加强澜湄合作机制,发挥新型平台作用的几点建议。     

水力冲孔技术在大倾角薄煤层中的应用

针对矿井现有防突措施的不足,介绍了水力冲孔技术的设备、工艺流程及现场试验情况.研究表明,在大倾角薄煤层应用水力冲孔技术,可有效地消除激发突出的应力,大幅度地释放煤体中的瓦斯,能明显提高瓦斯的抽采效果,很好地起到了综合防突的作用,且石门揭煤周期缩短为2个月.     

贵州井下煤层爆破地震波特征及其影响

贵州省煤层赋存条件差,煤矿地质条件复杂。由于煤矿井下爆破采掘适应性强、初期投资小等特点,适应于地质条件复杂、断层多的源赋存复杂条件的中小型煤矿,因此目前贵州煤矿井下煤层采掘多采用爆破作业方式。但井下煤层爆破作业易引发煤尘、瓦斯爆炸、煤与瓦斯突出等矿山灾害,因此研究煤矿井下爆破规律及其对煤矿各方面安全的影响是十分必要和迫切的。通过比较选用小波包分析方法,对现场实验的井下煤层爆破地震波信号进行分析,得出其能量、频率等特征,并分析了其对前方煤体瓦斯抽放量及瓦斯压力的影响规律。     

顶板走向高位钻孔瓦斯抽采技术的研究及应用

为了解决由于采空区及邻近煤层瓦斯的涌人而造成的工作面上隅角瓦斯超限问题,提出了运用顶板走向高位钻孔瓦斯抽采技术,对采空区及邻近煤层瓦斯进行抽采,进而解决上隅角瓦斯超限问题的方法。利用分源预测法对工作面瓦斯涌出源进行了分析,并理论计算了采空区冒落带和裂隙带的高度范围,结合矿井具体情况,确定了合理的高位钻孔参数,并对作用效果进行了现场考察。研究表明：高位钻孔瓦斯抽采技术,能有效地解决工作面上隅角瓦斯超限问题,降低回风流中瓦斯体积分数,并提高了工作面的推进速度,有效地保证了工作面的安全回采。     

Expansion of the MANAGE Database with Forest and Drainage Studies

The “Measured Annual Nutrient loads from AGricultural Environments” (MANAGE) database was published in 2006 to expand an early 1980s compilation of nutrient export (load) data from cultivated and pasture/range land at the field or farm scale. Then in 2008, MANAGE was updated with 15 additional studies, and nitrogen (N) and phosphorus (P) concentrations in runoff were added. Since then, MANAGE has undergone significant expansion adding N and P water quality along with relevant management and site characteristic data from: (1) 30 runoff studies from forested land uses, (2) 91 drainage water quality studies from drained land, and (3) 12 additional runoff studies from cultivated and pasture/range land uses. In this expansion, an application timing category was added to the existing fertilizer data categories (rate, placement, formulation) to facilitate analysis of 4R Nutrient Stewardship, which emphasizes right fertilizer source, rate, time, and place. In addition, crop yield and N and P uptake data were added, although this information was only available for 21 and 7% of studies, respectively. Inclusion of these additional data from cultivated, pasture/range, and forest land uses as well as artificially drained agricultural land should facilitate expanded spatial analyses and improved understanding of regional differences, management practice effectiveness, and impacts of land use conversions and management techniques. The current version is available at www.ars.usda.gov/spa/manage-nutrient .