不同情境下中国碳排放权交易市场的风险度量

以深圳、湖北、广东、上海及北京5个碳交易中心2015～2020年的日交易数据为基础,设置了Ave、Med、Max、Min4种交易情境,采用TGARCH-VaR模型对不同情境下的碳排放权交易市场风险进行了研究.结果表明,不同情境下碳排放交易市场风险存在差异,各情境的市场稳定性、政策响应度均存在一定规律:Ave情境碳现货收...     

由53起较大以上事故探讨农产品加工企业风险特征

系统检索并整理了自2001年以来,我国发生在农产品加工行业的53起较大以上事故,从事故类型、企业产品类型、承包商、施救不当和年度事故分布等角度对这些事故进行分析。结果表明,农产品加工企业事故风险具有一定的行业特点,主要表现在中毒窒息事故比较多,因施救不当而导致事故扩大的问题比较突出;粮食和酒精、养殖、饲料和腌渍制品企业风险相对较高。分析结果对指导企业如何防止较大以上事故具有重要的指导意义。     

铁路危险货物运输风险度量模型

为度量铁路危险货物运输对于人员、环境和财产等方面的危害,在已有危险货物运输风险度量研究的基础上,针对铁路运输的特点,以传统的双指标(概率和后果)技术风险度量模型为框架,构建铁路危险货物运输路径风险度量模型。模型综合考虑人员伤亡、财产损失、运输中断和环境破坏多方面后果,通过有效度量运输风险,为铁路危险货物运输组织优化提供依据。     

基于风险分析的公共场所人员安全容量确定方法

为满足目前公共场所安全容量定额管理需求,提出了基于风险分析的公共场所人员安全容量确定方法,具体分析了该方法的实现流程。首先从影响公共场所人员容量的风险源出发,分析活动类型、场所类型、参加人员和灾害事故这4个方面的人群风险源影响,而后从运动阈值、心理阈值、心理阈值和服务资源阈值4个承受力角度重点阐述了运动安全容量、生理安全容量、生理安全容量和服务安全容量。通过风险分析方法得到的安全容量,考虑了公共场所的风险特点,并且这个安全容量将随着风险因素的变化而不同。这个方法可用于指导公共场所人员安全容量定额管理。     

煤矿安全风险预控与隐患闭环管理信息系统设计研究

从事故风险管理理论出发,借鉴国外风险管理的流程和方法,总结国内煤矿安全管理中隐患治理的先进实践经验,设计了满足煤矿危险源辨识、评价、管理标准与措施制定流程的风险预控管理,隐患治理中的反馈式闭环管理以及员工"三违"的流程管理需求的煤矿安全管理信息系统。通过安全管理信息系统的实施,能够使煤矿的风险管理系统化、规范化,煤矿生产中的潜在危险源得到有效管理,隐患及人员不安全行为能够得到及时控制,避免或减少煤矿事故的发生。     

风险感知理论模型及影响因子分析

笔者目的在于通过文献凝练,明确风险感知在现代风险评估体系中的重要性,分析风险感知研究中亟需解决的定量化分析等关键问题,并提出相应的解决办法。通过心理测量范式和社会认知模型等经典理论方法的研究,梳理总结出适用于风险感知研究的理论模型;同时,对风险感知影响因子进行了定量化测量并对文化理论进行了探讨。结果表明,情绪因子使得63%的人产生面对风险时的态度波动。其中,愤怒和恐惧是体现最为明显的情绪类型。风险目标因子则直接影响人们对风险等级的判断。文化理论等方法表明,面对风险人们因心理特征和个性差异有不同行为选择并形成4种不同类别的人群。最后得出,风险感知是风险中人群行为决策和风险判断过程的基础,其中情绪因子应为今后相关研究探讨重点。     

Age group differences in collision risk

Introduction

The purpose of the current study was to examine differences in factors associated with self-reported collision involvement of three age groups of drivers based on a large representative sample of Ontario adults. Method: This study was based on data from the CAMH Monitor, an ongoing cross-sectional telephone survey of Ontario adults 18 years and older from 2002 to 2005. Three age groups were examined: 18-34 (n = 1,294), 35-54 (n = 2,428), and 55+ (n = 1,576). For each age group sample, a logistic regression analysis was conducted of self-reported collision involvement in the last 12 months by risk factor measures of driving exposure (kilometers driven in a typical week, driving is stressful, and driving on busy roads), consuming five or more drinks of alcohol on one occasion (past 12 months), cannabis use (lifetime, and past 12 months), and driving after drinking among drinkers (past 12 months), controlling for demographics (gender, region, income, and marital status). Results: The study identified differences in factors associated with self-reported collision involvement of the three age groups of adult drivers. The logistic regression model for the youngest group revealed that drivers who reported that driving was stressful at least some of the time, drank five or more drinks on an occasion, and drove after drinking had an increased risk of collision involvement. For the middle age group, those who reported using cannabis in the last 12 months had significantly increased odds of reporting collision involvement. None of the risk factor measures showed significant associations with collision risk for older drivers (aged 55+). Impact: The results suggest potential areas for intervention and new directions for future research.     

The effects of minimum legal drinking age 21 laws on alcohol-related driving in the United States

Objective

To examine trends in alcohol consumption and alcohol-related crashes among people younger than 21 in the United States and to review evidence on the effects of minimum legal drinking age (MLDA) laws.

Methods

Trends in alcohol-related crashes and alcohol consumption among young people were examined, and studies on the effects of lowering and raising the drinking age were reviewed.

Results

MLDA laws underwent many changes during the 20th century in the United States. Since July 1988, the MLDA has been 21 in all 50 states and the District of Columbia. Surveys tracking alcohol consumption among high school students and young adults found that drinking declined since the late 1970 s, and most of the decline occurred by the early 1990 s. These were the years when states were establishing, or reinstating, a MLDA-21. Among fatally injured drivers ages 16-20, the percentage with positive BACs declined from 61% in 1982 to 31% in 1995, a bigger decline than for older age groups; declines occurred among the ages directly affected by raising MLDAs (ages 18-20) and among young teenagers not directly affected (ages 16-17). Almost all studies designed specifically to gauge the effects of drinking age changes show MLDAs of 21 reduce drinking, problematic drinking, drinking and driving, and alcohol-related crashes among young people. Yet many underage people still drink, many drink and drive, and alcohol remains an important risk factor in serious crashes of young drivers, especially as they progress through the teenage years. Stepped-up enforcement of MLDA and drinking and driving laws can reduce underage drinking. Recent efforts to lower MLDAs to 18 and issue licenses to drink upon completion of alcohol education have gained local and national media attention. There is no evidence that alcohol education can even partially replace the effect of MLDA-21.

Conclusions

The cause and effect relationship between MLDAs of 21 and reductions in highway crashes is clear. Initiatives to lower the drinking age to 18 ignore the demonstrated public health benefits of MLDAs of 21.

Impact on Industry

Lowering the drinking age to 18 will increase highway crash deaths among young people.     

如何有效规避管道交叉点施工风险

采气一厂管辖各类管线6000余km,随着国家和地方基础设施建设不断完善,天然气管道安全范围内的各类施工逐年增多。由于施工队伍水平参差不齐,管线安全范围内的施工对气田已建集输管网构成较大的安全风险。总结了采气一厂近年来在管线交叉施工管理过程中摸索出的各类经验,同时对实施效果进行评价,旨在为同行提供参考和借鉴。     

基于BN的FTA在通用航空风险评价中的应用

针对事故树分析法(FTA)在风险评价中的局限性,采用以事故树为基础建立的贝叶斯网络(BN)风险模型,对通用航空中的两机空中相撞事故进行分析和推理,对事故模型进行改进和修正时,注重基事件的多态性和事件间的逻辑合理性。根据贝叶斯推理得出的数据,找到了事故的主要致因。结果表明,基于BN的FTA既能向前预测顶事件的发生概率,又能向后诊断基本事件的后验概率,可以更好地对通用航空风险进行评价。